Lecture on the discipline “Economics of Land Management” on the topic: Fundamentals of the theory of economic efficiency of land management. Theoretical Foundations of Land Development Economics Both types of valuation are systematic methods of calculating value. In both cases
Introduction
The agro-industrial complex is the most important component of the Russian economy, where products vital to society are produced and enormous economic potential is concentrated. It employs almost 30% of workers in the sphere of material production, uses a fifth of production assets, and creates about a third of gross national income. Development agro-industrial complex to a decisive extent determines the state of the entire national economic potential, the level of food security of the state and the socio-economic situation in society.
The most important link in the agro-industrial complex is agriculture. It occupies a special place not only in the agro-industrial complex, but also in the entire national economy.
Land is the main, irreplaceable means of production in agriculture. The quality of land improves with its rational economic use as a means of production. However, in order to maintain the required level of fertility, it is necessary to replace not only the used soil nutrients, but also restore quality indicators (humus content, acidity level, water-air conditions, etc.), which is associated with significant logistical and financial investments. At the same time, the payback of the main volumes of investments is extended over time and is calculated over several years (liming, land reclamation, gypsum, etc.), which constrains investment in agriculture.
This is why it is so important to study the issue of increasing economic efficiency land management, the general task of which is to find the most effective options for the rational use of the entire production potential of the land and the resources of the enterprise to achieve these goals.
The purpose of the course work is to analyze the very concept of increasing the economic efficiency of land management, assess (by year) the state of development of the enterprise in the production of agricultural products, find out ways to increase the economic efficiency of land management at Vit LLC and propose specific measures for their implementation.
In accordance with the goal, the following tasks are formulated:
Study the theoretical foundations of land management economics;
Provide an analysis of the state of development of the Vit LLC enterprise in the Engels district of the Saratov region;
Reveal possible ways increasing the economic efficiency of land management, give specific recommendations for their implementation based on calculations.
Theoretical basis economics of land management
Economic essence of land management
Economic essence land management lies in the most complete correspondence of the forms and elements of the organization of the territory (area, placement, configuration, structure land plots, their boundaries) needs and forms of organizing and increasing the efficiency of social production, technology for performing production processes on land and the tasks of its rational use.
Land management in the broad sense of the word is an integral part of the social mode of production, manifested as a socio-economic process of organizing the territory and means of production inextricably linked with the land. Consequently, it is always associated with a certain level of productive forces and industrial relations and depends on objectively existing economic laws (the law of value, proportional development, saving time, etc.).
The laws of social development are perceived by society not directly, but through interests. Therefore, land management, being of a state nature and under the control of executive and legislative authorities, is always carried out in the interests of certain social groups. In the system of interests of these groups (political, industrial, social) economic ones always prevail. Therefore, the task of land management is to redistribute land in such a way as, on the one hand, to ensure the unity of the economic interests of society, individual groups and citizens, and on the other hand, to maintain the priority of public interests. Since land is constantly the object of conflicting interests, land management as a mechanism for its distribution and organization of use has always been at the center of political struggle.
During land management, plots are distributed between landowners and land users, and through them - between sectors of the public economy (industry, transport, agriculture, etc.). Then the internal structure of land ownership and land use is carried out, production facilities, settlements, roads, lands (arable land, hayfields, pastures), crop rotations, forest plantations, gardens, etc. are located. At the same time, the land can perform various functions.
In agriculture, the production process is directly related to soil fertility, the quality of land and the nature of its use. In order to increase fertility, people influence the land in various ways, carry out reclamation and cultural work, apply fertilizers, and cultivate soils.
During land management, on the one hand, conditions are created for better use of natural and economic soil fertility due to the differentiated placement of crop rotation lands, sowing agricultural crops on the most suitable lands, etc., on the other hand, the productive properties of the land are improved thanks to a set of works to improve soil fertility, protection of land from erosion, nature conservation. This increases the yield of crop products, including feed, and increases the economic role of land as the main means of production in agriculture, which also indicates the significant economic role of land management
The main goal of land management is to establish order on the land, which is achieved through the rational organization of the territory, the best placement of social production and individual industries, and rational proportions of building and running the economy. The organizational and production structure is consistent with the quality and territorial properties of land masses (their distance from economic centers, area, configuration, dismemberment, disunity).
During land management, an information basis is created for the introduction of an economic mechanism for regulating land relations. Land allocation and withdrawal are carried out, new ones are formed and existing land tenures and land uses are reorganized, their boundaries are established, the quality of land is assessed, documents are issued certifying the right of land ownership, lease of land plots, and special land funds for land redistribution are created. Each land plot must have a price or value (regulatory, cadastral, market), and each land owner and land user must receive information about the amount of land tax, land rent, compensation in the event of seizure of land from him for state and public needs, economic measures stimulating rational land use.
The state nature of land management suggests that it is in common system land resource management at various levels (federal, subject of the Federation, municipal), including:
Information support in the form of the state land cadastre and land monitoring;
Forecasting and planning of land use and protection;
Organization of rational use and protection of lands; control over the use and protection of land. Land management work covers all stages of land resource management, starting from topographic-geodetic, aerial photo-geodetic, soil and other surveys and surveys. Their results are needed for accounting, registration and assessment of land, drawing up schemes for the use and protection of land resources, land management schemes, and for developing land management projects.
Since land management is part of the overall system of government planning and financing, each land management enterprise, action or work must be based on the principles of self-sufficiency, commercial benefit and efficiency.
Economic efficiency of land management
Land management can be considered in several aspects - in relation to the natural environment, to material production and to society as a whole. Accordingly, its effectiveness is divided into environmental, production-economic and social.
Environmental efficiency is associated with the need to protect nature, reproduce and rationally use natural resources; It manifests itself primarily through the influence of land management measures on the natural environment and the nature of land use. Here, land reclamation, protection from erosion, and implementation of environmental measures are of primary importance.
Production-economic (or simply economic) efficiency is determined by the influence of the organization of the territory on the organization of production and vice versa. Land management decisions should help create optimal proportions of production and improve business conditions, which directly affects the performance indicators of enterprises.
The social efficiency of land management is characterized by the strengthening of land relations, stability of land use rights and land tenure. It is determined by the importance of land as an object of socio-economic relations and is aimed at improving social conditions social reproduction.
Economic efficiency is the relationship between the resulting production results - products and material services, on the one hand, and the costs of labor and means of production - on the other.
The production efficiency of an agricultural enterprise primarily depends on the territorial organization of production, ensuring the rational use of land, labor, equipment, preservation and improvement of fertility and other natural properties of the land and natural resources, the creation of natural agricultural landscapes, and generally favorable conditions for the life and activities of rural residents . All of the above measures are taken into account when carrying out on-farm land management of the enterprise.
With on-farm land management, due to the correct organization of the territory and rational use of land, conditions are created for the implementation of the production program with maximum efficiency, and the use of all types of production is improved.
The general aggregate indicator of production efficiency is the rate of profit and the level of profitability. Profit in market conditions acts as the main goal of entrepreneurship and a criterion for production efficiency.
Subject: Fundamentals of the theory of economic efficiency of land management.
Target: Understand the basic types and principles of assessing the economic efficiency of land management, which are theoretically significant for the activities of a land management engineer.
PLAN
1. The essence, types and principles of assessing the economic efficiency of land management.
2. Criteria and indicators for assessing national economic efficiency.
3. Methodology for determining national economic efficiency using chain indices.
4.Organization and planning of land management.
Introduction
The land is the main basis of all life processes of society. Rational use and protection of land are the main criteria for using land for various purposes - maintaining commercial activities, organization of residential areas, creation of territories with limited use (natural reserve lands). We must not forget that land is a commodity and its resource is limited, therefore knowledge and practical application of the basic theories of economic efficiency in land management is the main link in all land management activities.
Lecture structure
1. Land management is an integral part economic system society and is a complex, multifaceted process, depending on the nature of production relations, forms of ownership of land and other means of production. The following conclusions follow from this general position:
The economic efficiency of land management should be assessed based on the system of economic relationships and, accordingly, requires a system of evaluation indicators;
It is necessary to take into account, on the one hand, the collective and personal interests of land users and landowners, on the other - public interests, which requires the use of both self-supporting (commercial) and national economic (budgetary) approaches in determining economic efficiency;
Since land is an element of the natural environment (biosphere), the conditions for the reproduction of soil fertility and the ecological characteristics of the territory should be taken into account;
When calculating efficiency indicators, it is important to isolate the effect of land management itself, comparing it with the corresponding costs, ensuring qualitative homogeneity and quantitative comparability of indicators horizontally and vertically (for different farms, for components and elements of the project, etc.);
Since land management projects are related to projects carried out on their basis to improve the use of land, water management, industrial and road construction, etc., it is necessary to take into account the effectiveness of measures that are carried out in the period until the full development of the project, the costs of forming (replenishing) fixed and working capital , associated costs associated with compensation of losses and environmental protection;
the time gap (lag) between the implementation of capital investments and obtaining the effect from them involves the comparison of payments and receipts that do not coincide in time.
Land management can be considered in several aspects - in relation to the natural environment, to material production and to society as a whole. Accordingly, its effectiveness is divided into environmental, production-economic and social.
2. In the national economic aspect, land management is a tool for the targeted distribution of the country’s land fund in the interests of the entire society by category, land users and landowners, land, as well as regulating the activities of enterprises in various industries in order to implement the economic and land policy of the state. In this sense, land management is an integral part of the social production system, without which the rational organization of any enterprise is impossible. Land management is necessary for any changes in production and territory, such as:
In agriculture, growth in production volumes is most accurately expressed by gross output. Land management also has a certain influence on it.
In the national economic aspect, land management is a tool for the targeted distribution of the country's land fund in the interests of the entire society by category, land users and landowners, land, as well as regulating the activities of enterprises in various industries in order to implement the economic and land policy of the state. In this sense, land management is an integral part of the social production system, without which the rational organization of any enterprise is impossible. Land management is necessary for any changes in production and territory, such as:
Formation, consolidation, disaggregation and reorganization of land use (land tenures) and their systems;
Changes in specialization and concentration of production;
Introduction of progressive forms of land use, land tenure, farming systems; implementation of reclamation, anti-erosion and environmental protection measures;
Bringing the existing organization of the territory into line with new technologies, etc.
Self-supporting (commercial) efficiency reflects the influence of the territory organization planned by the project on the production efficiency of specific farms or their independent self-supporting production units.
The criterion for the effectiveness of on-farm land management should not only be a meter that gives a quantitative assessment of the organization of the territory, but first of all characterize its qualitative side.
Considering efficiency from a national economic perspective, it is proposed to take into account three homogeneous indicators that characterize the absolute relative
I 
And specific effects.
To estimate the total 
Land management efficiency, one
However, the more suitable relation is - -> max, which is determined by
The following reasons.
Firstly, this expression can take into account the time aspect in the following ways: by measuring the annual effect (P) not only with the annual costs (3), but also if the value (3) represents a one-time investment. In addition, this value can be not only static, but also dynamic:
Secondly, when compared over time and under other conditions, this ratio assumes taking into account various sources of effect in relation to the costs that caused them
Thirdly, the considered cost-benefit ratio can also characterize various aspects of efficiency - relative (-), specific (-) and absolute (P).
Fourthly, the value reflects not only the overall efficiency of the entire production through the ratio, but also makes it possible to evaluate the use of various types of resources; for example, if P is gross output, and 3, are, respectively, the costs of labor, funds, capital investments, land area, etc., then the ratio of the result to the costs “characterizes labor productivity, capital productivity, investment efficiency, productivity (or through gross output in value terms - efficiency of land use).
3. When assessing the effectiveness of capital investments for these purposes, the standard methodology recommends calculating the increase in national income as the difference between the volumes received at the end and beginning of the period during which capital expenditures are made. For example, if in 1985 49.7 billion rubles were created in Russian agriculture. national income, and in 1990 -68.1 billion rubles, then its increase over this period amounted to 18.4 billion rubles.
However, it is impossible to attribute this increase entirely to capital investments and, even more so, to land management. During this period, prices for means of production, services, machinery, equipment, and construction materials changed, which caused an increase in production costs. For example, of the total increase in production costs in the period from 1976 to 1980 on collective farms, 57.6% was associated with an increase in prices for means of production and services, 30.2% was due to an increase in material intensity (not related to the requirements of production technology) , only 8.8% - for an increase in wages and 3.5% - for an increase in insurance payments. This means that part of the capital investments allocated to expand production is spent to cover rising prices, that is, in fact, goes to simple reproduction.
In addition, during the period from 1985 to 1990 there was a slight decrease in the number of workers employed in agriculture; To increase labor productivity, funds were invested in the development of the material and technical base of production, the growth of capital-labor ratio, etc.
Therefore, the task arises of highlighting the effect of land management measures in the overall increase in national income. To do this, you can use the method of decomposing national income into interrelated factor indices using the sequential chain method recommended by G. I. Baklanov (see, in particular: Volkov S. N. Methodology for determining the national economic efficiency of on-farm land management using the index chain method. Modern Economics land management // Collection of scientific works - M.: MIIZ, 1991. - P. 22-23).
4. The development of land management projects can be carried out by organizations, enterprises, institutions and private land surveyors licensed to carry out land management work. Projects are drawn up with the participation of interested parties and, after approval, are transferred to nature (on the ground) with the boundaries of land plots and crop rotation fields marked with established boundary signs.
The implementation of activities provided for by land management projects is entrusted to land owners and land users. Land management organizations provide assistance and provide supervision over the implementation of projects. Landowners and land users, if necessary, can make proposals to change or clarify projects.
Design organizations are responsible for the economic and environmental efficiency of planned activities. They have the right:
Carry out, without special permission, control over the implementation of land management projects, inform the administration about its results and make proposals for improving the use and protection of land;
Coordinate changes in projects related to land reclamation, placement of agricultural facilities, on-farm roads, land allocations for non-agricultural needs and for other reasons;
Make proposals for improving or processing outdated schemes and land management projects.
When planning land development it is necessary:
Establish a list of design and survey work for land management;
Determine the structure and estimate the volume of work in physical and monetary terms;
Justify sources of financing for land management activities;
Outline ways to staff the land management design service in connection with changes in the structure and volume of work performed.
When establishing a list of design and survey work, it is necessary to take into account that they must be carried out comprehensively, using a single technological and information connection, in a clear sequence. Therefore, they should include:
Preparatory work for the preparation of projects, including aerial photogeodetic work, ground surveys, flight survey work, adjustment of planning and cartographic material, soil and geobotanical survey, land assessment and cadastral work, inventory and graphical recording of land, other survey and survey work;
Preparation of comprehensive schemes for land management of districts and other pre-project documents for the organization of rational use and protection of land;
Work on inter-farm land management and drawing up projects for land allocation for non-agricultural purposes, the formation and regulation of land holdings and agricultural land use, land surveying;
On-farm land management, including work on land management of reindeer herding and commercial farms in the Far North, rural subsidiary farms of industrial enterprises, providing assistance in the implementation of projects;
Work on the preparation of working projects related to the use and protection of land;
Establishing the boundaries of territories with special regimes and conditions for land use (administrative-territorial entities, settlements, environmental areas, including water protection zones and coastal strips of small rivers, recreational and protected lands, etc.);
Other works.
When planning the structure and volume of land management work for the future, they rely on the following methodological provisions.
Updating of plans and maps used in land management is carried out mainly by aerial photography every 8-15 years, depending on the degree of their aging in different mapping areas, and their adjustment is carried out in a shorter period of time (from 1 year to 5 years) to ensure reliability of information on the use of land when drawing up land management projects.
Conclusion
After listening to the lecture, you became familiar with the essence, types and principles of assessing the economic efficiency of land management; determined the criterion and indicators for assessing national economic efficiency. We studied the structure of the methodology for determining national economic efficiency using chain indices.
Problems
When organizing and planning in land management, the contractor often faces problems of imperfection legislative framework, outdated cartographic materials and data in general are used. There is a complex, lengthy, expensive procedure for coordinating and approving documents on the organization and planning of the territory.
establish the optimal size and structure of land ownership and land use, select priority directions for their development;
identify ways to improve the efficiency of land management.
To determine the essence of land management, its place and role in social production, it is necessary first of all to show its objective nature and reveal its socio-economic content.
1. What is the difference between the concepts of “land surveying” and “land management”?
2. What is land management and what is its economic essence?
3. Why can economics of land management be distinguished as an independent scientific discipline?
4. What is the subject of land management economics?
5. What are the main methods of land development economics?
6. Give a rationale for the place and role of land management economics in the system of special scientific disciplines studying land management.
7. What are the main objectives of the course “Land Management Economics”?
LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC PRODUCTION
1. OBJECTIVE NATURE OF LAND MANAGEMENT AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTENT
Land relations- this is a set of social relations associated with the ownership and use of land; they are an integral part of production relations and in their
essentially relate to the economic basis of society. The basis of land relations in any society is land ownership.
The system of social and government structure, characterized by certain land relations and the corresponding political organization of society to regulate them, determines the land structure of society.
Any state, influencing the land system, implements land policy. It is always carried out in the interests of the dominant groups of society and represents the activity of the state to regulate the land system, relations between classes, social groups, and individual landowners (land users) regarding the ownership and use of land.
The process of state influence on the land system is carried out through various measures: legal, economic, organizational.
Economic measures are the main ones, as they stimulate the development of land relations based on the economic impact on the material well-being of stakeholders: taxation, lending, targeted financing, subsidies, fines, encouraging rational land use and land protection, etc. All this is necessary to create the best socio-economic conditions for the use of land as an object real estate, the main means of production in agriculture and forestry, the spatial operating basis for the location of various industries National economy, enterprises, organizations and institutions.
For this purpose, the state collects information about land plots, maintains a land cadastre, conducts land assessments, collects land tax, withdrawing differential rent, organizes the economically feasible use of land, carries out land management and land management.
The economic role of land management cannot be associated only with the state and land policy, the activities of legislative and executive authorities at various levels, land management organizations, etc. Changes in land ownership and land use, reorganization and redistribution of land occur objectively, under the influence of various factors:
economic interests of land owners, landowners and land users related to land turnover (purchase and sale, pledge of land, etc.); prices are always higher for plots that have a good configuration, location, high fertility, and the absence of land use disadvantages, which is largely achieved through land management;
market conditions that determine product prices and, as a consequence, economic purpose plots (arable land, perennial plantings, forage lands, etc.), specialization of agricultural
economic enterprises(composition of industries, structure of sown areas), level of development of scientific and technological progress;
development of territorial conditions of production, which improve in the process of land management and give land owners and land users economic advantages over other participants in production;
introduction during land management of the achievements of scientific and technical progress in the field of technology and organization of production.
In fact, land management is a process of purposeful organization of territory and means of production inextricably linked with land, occurring under the influence of all the main factors of economic development. Therefore, it has not only socio-economic content, but also an objective character. Regardless of the political processes taking place in society, it must be implemented and supported. Otherwise, the organization of the territory adapts to new conditions spontaneously, without the participation of qualified specialists and taking into account scientific recommendations, which can cause great damage to nature and society.
2. ECONOMIC LAWS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON LAND MANAGEMENT
From economic theory it is known that economic laws are divided into general, specific and special. General laws include: the law of correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of productive forces, the law of increasing labor productivity, the law of proportionality.
Each social system has its own system of specific laws that operate in real life not in isolation from each other, but in a certain system. For example, in a capitalist society there are laws of production of surplus value, competition, capitalist accumulation, and the average rate of profit.
Special laws may be inherent in different methods of production. These include, for example, the law of value, which operates in conditions of commodity production, the laws of economic growth, etc.
The process of using economic laws in theory and practice comes down to the following main stages:
knowledge of the law (its discovery, formulation, establishment of relationships with other laws);
determining the forms of manifestation of the law;
studying the mechanism of action of the law;
determination of forms of use of the law.
For example, according to the law of value, the production and exchange of goods are carried out on the basis of socially necessary labor costs. In exchange, commodity producers whose individual costs are less than socially necessary win, and those whose costs are higher lose. This leads to differentiation among commodity producers, forcing them to reduce costs and ensure that they do not exceed socially necessary ones.
The form of manifestation of the law is a certain economic category. Thus, in relation to the law of value, the main economic category is price, which is the monetary expression of the value of a product. By regulating prices or releasing them, the state, using the mechanism of the law of value, can stimulate or limit the production of various types of goods, as well as redistribute resources between various spheres of production.
Since land management is an integral part of the social mode of production, it is influenced by the law of correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of the productive forces. This means that the content, forms and methods of land management must correspond to this level. In particular, it harmonizes the organization of land tenure and land use (territories) with land relations, the level of development of scientific and technological progress, management systems Agriculture, the established type of settlement.
Population growth, the development of scientific and technological progress, and competition among commodity producers (especially in a market economy) stimulate growth in labor productivity and production efficiency in general. Consequently, land management should create organizational and territorial conditions conducive to such growth.
Any form of land structure or territory organization affects the efficiency of economic activity. For example, due to the correct placement of economic and production centers, settlements, summer camps, roads, livestock runs, you can significantly reduce the time and costs of transporting goods, moving people to and from work, moving livestock to pastures, eliminating oncoming crossings, and improving the organization of production . With rational sizes of production units, crop rotations, correct configuration of fields and working areas, the organization of labor is improved, time is saved on idle travel, turns and drives of machine and tractor units, the productivity of agricultural machinery is increased, the time of field work is reduced, etc.
The law of proportionality requires that the components of any multifunctional economic system be in certain balanced proportions and ratios. Practice shows that agricultural enterprises
Non-optimally sized structures have low efficiency and are more likely to disintegrate or reorganize. It is also important to balance all the resources of the economy and, first of all, to coordinate its specialization with the quality and quantity of land, the availability of fixed and working capital, and labor resources. In particular, the green conveyor, the structure of crop areas, the production and consumption of feed, the production and sale of products must be balanced, which requires a serious economic justification for land management projects.
In a market economy with fierce competition among producers, the importance of land management increases. Through better use of the productive and territorial properties of the land, stopping the processes of soil erosion, eliminating product losses when plowing between unnecessary roads and wedges, it is possible to significantly increase the production of products in demand. Thanks to the reduction of transport, operating and depreciation costs, general production and general business expenses, production costs are reduced, which makes the economy more competitive. As a rule, a land management enterprise has more opportunities to maintain its position in the market.
3. ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR REGULATING LAND RELATIONS
The state, implementing land policy, always uses a certain mechanism of influence, consisting of legal and economic parts. The legal mechanism includes norms and rules, determined primarily by land legislation and mandatory for execution. Their implementation is controlled by government bodies, land management services, and courts.
The economic mechanism is based on measures of material influence on landowners and land users, aimed at implementing a certain land policy, priority areas for land use, and strengthening the prevailing forms of land ownership. The main elements of this mechanism include: “the establishment of differentiated land payments;
economic stimulation of rational land tenure and land use and the application of economic sanctions for mismanagement of land, reduction of soil fertility;
economic protection against seizure of agricultural land for other needs (industry, transport, etc.);
credit, financial and investment policy of the state.
The land management system (including certain bodies and services, land management actions, documentation) is the main tool for implementing the economic mechanism. Thus, in the course of land management, using cadastre materials, monitoring and economic assessment of land, the areas and boundaries of land ownership and land use, the qualitative characteristics of land, which serve as an information database for calculating land tax and establishing rent, are established. In addition, during land management, special conditions and modes of land use, easements (encumbrances) are determined, characteristics of the initial state of land fertility are given, and measures for reclamation, reclamation, and soil protection from erosion are outlined. By comparing these initial data over time with indicators of the actual use of the territory, the state can apply certain measures of economic impact to landowners and land users.
In order to economically stimulate the rational use of land, owners and users can be exempted from paying for land for a certain time and receive benefits in paying land tax. The state or local authorities can allocate budgetary allocations for the restoration or reclamation of land, monetary compensation for temporary conservation, set increased prices for environmentally friendly products, reward owners for improving the quality of land, increasing soil fertility, and the productivity of forest lands.
Penalties (up to the confiscation of the allocated land plot) are established for loss of soil fertility, development of erosion, and violation of land and environmental legislation.
In the process of land management, economic protection of agricultural lands is carried out. For example, the seizure and allotment of land for non-agricultural enterprises, organizations and institutions, the regulation of their land use is carried out only on the basis of an inter-farm land management project. It determines the composition and value of the seized lands, develops measures to eliminate the negative consequences of the allotment on the development of production, resettlement, organization of the territory, protection of land and the natural environment, calculates and justifies the amount of losses compensated to landowners and land users, losses of agricultural and forestry production and methods for their compensation.
Forecasts developed in the land management system, state and regional programs for the use and protection of land, schemes for the use and protection of land resources and schemes
We land management are part of a unified system of pre-planning and pre-design developments at the level of individual regions and the country as a whole. They are intended for the interconnected solution of issues of rational use of land resources, conservation and improvement of soil fertility, land protection (in combination with other environmental measures). They are also scientific basis to implement investment and credit and financial policies aimed at regulating land relations, supporting the development of priority forms of land ownership and land use.
Any sector of the national economy, every enterprise, organization or institution requires the allocation of land plots for its location. Land is needed not only for the construction of buildings, structures, roads, but in most cases also for carrying out the main production activities - agriculture and forestry, mining, etc. Thus, the most important condition for the formation of any enterprise is the provision of land to it, carried out in the process of land management.
As the national economy develops, land is redistributed between industries, enterprises, and citizens. This is due to the fact that some enterprises require additional land plots, others are reorganized or liquidated altogether. The land fund is in constant motion, regulated during land management.
In addition, the functioning of any, and primarily agricultural, enterprises is associated with the need for territorial organization and location of production, organization of rational use and protection of land, and creation of sustainable agricultural landscapes. Therefore, during land management, the farming system, farming system, and crop cultivation technologies are linked to the characteristics of the territory, the quality and location of the land; the organization of production, labor and management is consistent with the land and economic structure of the enterprise, the volume of reclamation and development of new lands. Thus, land management affects all areas of economic activity, from the formation of new ones, the streamlining of existing land tenures and land use, and ending with the organization of the territory of specific areas in which production processes are carried out (soil cultivation, crop care, harvesting).
To implement its land policy, the state, through a system of land management and a number of other bodies, manages land resources, carrying out certain land management actions. Their relationship with land management functions is shown in Table. 2.
Test questions and assignments
1. Why is land management objective?
2. Give a definition of the land system, land relations, land management.
3. Explain the influence of economic laws on land management.
4. List the main elements of the economic mechanism for regulating land relations.
5. How is land management related to the economic mechanism of management?
6. Identify land management activities associated with various land management functions.
LAND REFORMS AND THE ROLE OF LAND MANAGEMENT IN THEIR IMPLEMENTATION
1. OWNERSHIP OF LAND AND ITS TRANSFORMATION
The basis of the land system is the form of land ownership. The right to land ownership is composed of three elements:
ownership rights, that is, actual ownership of the site to this person;
right of use, which consists in the possibility of extracting income (benefits) from this site;
rights of disposal (purchase and sale, pledge, donation, etc.) of the plot at the discretion of the land owner.
There are several main types of land ownership - state (federal, constituent entities of the Federation), municipal and private.
State ownership includes lands that are not the property of citizens, legal entities or municipalities. As a rule, these include lands of defense facilities, national parks, reserves, etc. Land of other categories may also be state-owned: agricultural, forestry and water resources. For example, previously in the USSR all land was the exclusive property of the state.
Municipal ownership includes land plots that are recognized as such by federal laws and laws of the constituent entities of the Federation, as well as the right to which arose during the delimitation of state ownership of land or which were acquired on the grounds established by civil legislation.
Privately owned lands belong to the heads of peasant farms, private entrepreneurs, joint-stock companies, etc. For a certain fee or free of charge, the owner can transfer the land he owns or part of it for the use of other persons.
In the history of the development of land relations, the following types of land use are known: permanent (eternal), long-term, short-term. Fixed-term land use also includes land lease. The right to dispose of land property presupposes the possibility of selling it, transferring it by inheritance, donating it, pledging it, contributing it to the authorized capital of enterprises, or leasing it.
The concept of land ownership also includes easements. Easements (encumbrances) are partial rights to someone else’s land property, which are established not in the interests of the land owner, but based on the characteristics of the location.
of the plot belonging to him. There are private and public easements. Public easements include:
the right of passage, passage, watering and driving of livestock;
the right to use sources for irrigation;
the right to carry out fishing on someone else’s land (hunting, fishing, logging, etc.);
the right to operate structures in the areas of main pipelines, roads, power lines;
the right to use other people's land (for example, forests for grazing livestock, hayfields, fallow lands building materials- sand, gravel, clay).
Considering that easements represent certain inconveniences for land owners, during land management they strive to reduce them to a minimum. For example, in order to avoid a burdensome right of passage for the owner through his territory, each created plot must be provided with a road connected to the existing land network, and to prevent the fragmentation of plots, roads are located along their boundaries.
Since for any right to land, plots must have certain boundaries, have a specific area and location, land management is the main mechanism for the formation and redistribution of land property. The system of actions for the formation and redistribution of land property carried out during land management is shown in Fig. 1.
Methods of acquiring land property are of great importance for land management. Initially, it arose through the free seizure of plots during the settlement of people across the territory, was redistributed during the formation of states, during wars, the resolution of territorial disputes, and subsequently distributed between landowners and land users, based on the objectives of the existing mode of production.
The main ways of acquiring or terminating land ownership rights on a mass scale are confiscation, expropriation, privatization, nationalization, collectivization, restitution, and requisition.
At confiscation the land plot is confiscated free of charge, regardless of the will of the landowner, for political reasons, as punishment for a crime, or for other reasons. For example, the Decree on Land, adopted by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on November 8, 1917, private property for land in Russia was cancelled. All land - state, appanage, cabinet, monastery, church, possession, primordial, privately owned, public, peasant - was alienated free of charge, turned into national property and transferred to the use of all workers on it. Landowners', appanage, monastic and other unearned lands were also subject to confiscation.
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Expropriation is called the forced alienation of land for a certain fair compensation for state or public needs (for the construction of highways, railways, industrial facilities, etc.). Sometimes, instead of the term “expropriation”, the equivalent term “requisition” is used.
In progress privatization land plots that are state or collectively owned are divided and assigned to private landowners. During nationalization, on the contrary, the land is transferred to the ownership of the people or the state as a representative of public interests.
At collectivization lands can also be united, becoming collective or state property. In other words, legally the transfer of ownership of land is always associated with the seizure and provision of land plots.
Requisition- this is a temporary withdrawal land plot the owner in the presence of circumstances of an emergency nature (natural disasters, accidents, epidemics, epizootics, etc.), authorized executive bodies of state power in order to protect the vital interests of citizens, society and the state from emerging threats with compensation to the owner of the land for losses caused and the issuance him a document on requisition.
Restitution is called the restoration of land in the previous legal and property terms, that is, the return of land property to the previous legal owners. For example, in the process of land reforms in the Baltic republics, in East Germany (former GDR), in a number of other countries in 1992-1999. Measures were taken to transfer lands to former owners (or their heirs) who lost them in the 40s and proved their rights to the land.
Fundamental changes in land ownership and associated land redistribution are usually carried out during land reforms.
Land reforms are always regulated by the state and carried out under its control. They represent a concentrated expression of the state’s land policy and are ensured by appropriate legal, economic, technical, and organizational measures.
A radical transformation of land relations is the central link of any land reform. Such reforms have long-term consequences and significantly affect the level of well-being of the people. Therefore, before starting land reform, it is necessary to deeply study the experience of various states at various historical stages of their development in order to identify relevant patterns and take into account possible consequences. This is especially important for Russia, where a large land
large territory, complex natural conditions are combined with diversity national traditions and socio-economic factors of the land system.
Analysis of the results of land reforms in other countries can make significant adjustments to the nature of agrarian reforms, determine promising forms of land ownership and land use, organization of agricultural production, and the positive and negative aspects of reforming land relations.
2. LAND REFORM IN LATIN AMERICA
Over the past few decades, land reforms have been carried out in all Latin American countries, the scale and difficulty of implementation of which were determined by various factors. The main ones are the following:
the nature of the political regime, the stability of political power, the degree of influence of the foreign policy of the USA and the USSR;
the initial state of land relations, including forms of land ownership, land tenure and land use;
areas of land used, their fertility, location, potential reserves for involving land in agricultural circulation;
population size, traditional way of life, the share of peasants, their social activity and land availability.
Speaking about the political aspect of land reforms, it is worth noting three options for their implementation: as a result of civil wars, military coups and ordinary legislative actions. Thus, in Mexico and Bolivia, reforms began after civil wars, in Peru they were carried out by the military government, and in Chile and Costa Rica - by the legislature. The ideological orientation of land reforms in countries oriented toward the United States and Western Europe assumed the uncontested idea of the family farm as the main producer of agricultural products. In countries that were previously under the influence of the USSR, agricultural cooperatives and other forms of collective farming were considered priorities.
Traditional land relations in Latin American countries were based on the dominance of large land ownership. For example, in Colombia, 4% of landlords still control 43% of agricultural land, while 66% of peasants are completely or almost completely landless. Even after the implementation of land reform in El Salvador, 1% of landowners control 41% of the land, and 60% of peasants have virtually no land. Approximately 88% of all farms in Guatemala are located on 16% of the land under cultivation. At the same time fer-
we are 450 hectares or more in size (about 1% of all farms) occupy about 34 % of all arable land in the country.
In Brazil, small farms of up to 50 hectares occupy 12% of the total land area, but they produce 50% of all agricultural products. They employ about 70% of the labor force in the agricultural sector.
In countries with high land availability, land reforms were not of great importance. For example, Argentina has a relatively large amount of land per capita, with peasants mostly living in areas with the most fertile soils. On the contrary, in Peru, where there is a shortage of land suitable for agricultural use, the best of it was monopolized by the landowning elite back in colonial times, and the mass of peasants suffered from unemployment, which led to discrimination and poverty.
Land reforms in Latin American countries were carried out with the aim of:
allocating land to peasants, thereby easing social tensions between large landowners and the bulk of the population;
ensuring economic growth, increasing agricultural production both for domestic needs and for export, including through the development and “colonization” of new lands.
The formation of new forms of land ownership and land use led to an increase in employment of the working population. At the same time, political aspects often clearly prevailed over economic ones. For example, in El Salvador and Nicaragua, land reforms took place with varying degrees of success and were determined by the course of the civil war.
Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Penza State Agricultural Academy G.V. Terzova ECONOMICS OF LAND MANAGEMENT Penza 2015 1 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FSBEI HE Penza State Agricultural Academy G.V. Terzova LAND MANAGEMENT ECONOMICS Guidelines for studying the discipline and assignments for test work students of the correspondence department of the Faculty of Agronomy in the field of study 03/21/02 - Land management and cadastres, training profile - Land management (qualification (degree) "bachelor") Penza 2015 2 Copyright OJSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" UDC 631.111( 075) BBK 65.32-511(ya7) T 35 Reviewer – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of “Organization and Informatization of Production” S.N. Alekseeva. Protocol No. 8 is printed by decision of the methodological commission of the Faculty of Agronomy dated December 7, 2015. Terzova, Galina Vasilievna. T 35 Economics of land management: guidelines / G.V. Terzova. – Penza: RIO PGSHA, 2016. – 89 p. The guidelines are intended for students of the correspondence department of the Faculty of Agronomy in the field of study 03/21/02 - Land management and cadastres, training profile - Land management (qualification (degree) "Bachelor"), include the main content of the topics, questions for testing knowledge, methods for calculating economic indicators for independent work, as well as options for test assignments. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Penza State Agricultural Academy, 2015 G.V. Terzova, 2015 1 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency INTRODUCTION Strengthening the economic, technical and legal side of land management, its environmental orientation necessitates improving design methods at all levels. In solving this problem, the science of land management design should rely on the further development of the general theory of land management and interaction with other scientific disciplines that study various aspects of land management. One of these disciplines is “Economics of Land Management”, in which, on the basis of socio-economic patterns of development of land management, its importance in regulating land relations, managing land resources, organizing the rational use and protection of land is determined. The subject “Land Management Economics” reveals the essence, types and principles of assessing the economic efficiency of land management, establishes criteria, indicators and methods for assessing land management decisions in various land management projects. Studying this discipline by a student involves solving the following problems: - forming an idea of the economic essence of land management and its socio-economic content as an integral part of the country’s economic mechanism; - familiarization with objective economic laws, forms and patterns of their manifestation in the organization of the territory, assessment of their influence on land management; - study of the economic mechanism for regulating land relations; - studying the most economical ways to improve the use of land and increase the efficiency of territorial (inter-farm) and intra-farm land management; - mastery of techniques and methods of economic justification and assessment of the effectiveness of land management decisions; 3 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" - studying the most economical ways to improve the use of land and increase the efficiency of on-farm land management; - mastery of techniques and methods of economic justification and assessment of the effectiveness of land management decisions; - instilling the abilities and skills to perform economic calculations to select the best option based on the use of automated technologies. As a result of studying the discipline, the student must: know: the economic essence of land management, principles, methods and criteria for assessing the effectiveness of land management schemes and projects; ways to improve the efficiency of land use; principles, methods and criteria for assessing the effectiveness of land management schemes and projects; economic mechanism for regulating land relations; be able to: use modern methods for assessing the effectiveness of territorial land management schemes and projects; to reasonably form land uses, land tenures and establish their optimal sizes and structure; analyze design options, their impact on indicators of rational land use; use modern methods for assessing the effectiveness of territorial and on-farm land management schemes and projects; develop feasibility studies for new projects, schemes, investment programs for land use; determine the social (economic), budgetary and commercial efficiency of land management work; possess: professional reasoning when choosing the best options for land management solutions; applying methods to improve the efficiency of land management; methods of technical-economic and environmental-economic justification of land management decisions; application of scientific research methods when choosing the best options for land management solutions; methodology for developing investment projects to improve and develop land; computer technologies in assessing options for land management projects. 4 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency The discipline is aimed at developing competencies: general cultural (GC) - has a culture of thinking, the ability to generalize, analyze, perceive, systematize information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it ( OK-1); - ready to cooperate with colleagues and work in a team (OK-3); - knows how to use regulatory legal documents in his activities (OK-5); - strives for self-development, improvement of one’s qualifications and skills (OK-6); - realizes the social significance of his future profession, has high motivation to perform professional activities (OK-8); - is able to use the basic provisions and methods of social, humanities and economic sciences when solving social and professional problems, is able to analyze socially significant problems and processes, navigate the basic provisions of economic theory, features market economy(OK-9); - is able to use the basic laws of natural sciences in professional activities, apply methods mathematical modeling , theoretical and experimental research (OK-10); - is able to understand the essence and significance of information in the development of a modern information society, recognize the dangers and threats that arise in this process, comply with the basic requirements of information security, including the protection of state secrets (OK-11); - masters the basic methods, methods and means of obtaining, storing, processing information, skills in working with a computer as a means of managing information (OK-12); - able to work with information in global computer networks (OK-13); 5 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency - knows his rights and responsibilities as a citizen of his country, knows how to use the Civil Code and other legal documents in his activities (OK-15). professional (PC) - able to apply knowledge about the basics of rational use of land resources, system indicators for increasing the efficiency of land use, environmental and economic examination of programs, schemes and projects for the socio-economic development of the territory (PC-1); - is able to use knowledge about the land resources of the country and the world, measures to reduce the anthropogenic impact on the territory within a specific land use, municipality, subject of the Federation, region (PC-2); - is able to use knowledge of methods for developing design materials (documents) on the use and protection of land resources and real estate, feasibility studies of design solutions options (PC-6); - is able to use knowledge of modern automation technologies for design, cadastral and other works related to the State Real Estate Cadastre, territorial planning, land management, land surveying (PK-7); - is able to use knowledge of the methods of territorial zoning and planning for the development of cities and populated areas, establishing their boundaries, placing the designed elements of their engineering equipment (PC-8); - is able to carry out measures to implement design decisions on land management and development of unified real estate objects (PC-9); - is able to use knowledge of modern automated technologies for collecting, systematizing, processing and recording information about land plots and real estate (PC-10); - is able to use knowledge of modern technologies of topographic and geodetic work when carrying out inventory6 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" tions and land surveying, land management and cadastral work, methods for processing the results of geodetic measurements, transferring land management projects into nature and determining areas of land plots (PK-13); - is able to use knowledge of modern technologies of consulting and innovation activities, examination of investment projects for land use planning and land management (PC-17); - capable and ready to conduct experimental research (PC-19); - ready to study scientific and technical information, domestic and foreign experience use of land and other real estate (PC-20); - capable and ready to participate in the implementation of research results and new developments (PC-21). 7 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Section 1 GENERAL METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STUDYING THE DISCIPLINE To master the theoretical material of the discipline "Land Management Economics", it is advisable for the student to adhere to the following order of studying it. Independent work of a correspondence student to study the discipline “Land Management Economics” during the intersessional period is an important condition for deep learning this course . This work should begin with a detailed study of theoretical material, for which it is necessary to use not only textbooks on the economics of land management, but also legislative acts and government regulations on land management issues, as well as Internet resources. The program, guidelines and test assignments are given to the student at the orientation session. First of all, you need to familiarize yourself with the guidelines for studying the discipline. Then you should select the appropriate literature from the given bibliography. It is advisable to accompany the study of the discipline with brief notes and answers to control questions on the topic. Unclear indicators, definitions, questions that may arise when studying the topic material, the student needs to write down separately in order to clarify them later in lectures or practical classes with the teacher. The result of studying the discipline “Land Management Economics” should be the ability to calculate economic indicators of land management decisions. Consolidation of the knowledge acquired by students as a result of independent work during the intersessional period is carried out as a result of lectures and practical classes. The study of the discipline ends with passing an exam. The distribution of study time in the discipline being studied is shown in Table 1. 8 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency Table 1 - Distribution of study time when studying the discipline “Land Management Economics” Discipline topic 1 1. Land Management Economics as a science 2 Land management in the system of social production 3. Basic issues of the theory of economic efficiency of land management 4. Assessing the effectiveness of investment programs and projects to improve the use and development of land. 5. Economics of inter-farm land management 6. Economics of formation of agricultural organizations and peasant farms 7. Economic justification for eliminating disadvantages of land use (land tenure) and providing land for non-agricultural purposes. 8. Fundamentals of economic justification for land management decisions in on-farm land management projects 9. Comprehensive assessment of the economic efficiency of an on-farm land management project 10. Economic justification for the placement of production units, economic centers 9 Type of educational work and labor intensity in labor hours. lectures ratorworked 2 3 4 0 1 6 0 1 8 2 2 6 2 2 6 0 0 8 0 0 8 1 2 10 1 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency » continuation of table 1 1 11 Economic justification for the placement of main on-farm roads 12. Economic assessment of agricultural development, transformation and improvement of land 13. Methodology for ecological and economic substantiation of the organization of a crop rotation system 14. Comparative assessment of options for organizing the territory of crop rotation, perennial plantings and forage lands. 15. Features of economic justification and assessment of the effectiveness of land management decisions in various natural zones TOTAL 10 2 3 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 1 8 0 1 14 0 0 10 6 10 119 0 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book Agency Service" Section 2 CONTENT OF DISCIPLINE TOPICS. QUESTIONS TO TEST KNOWLEDGE Topic 1 LAND MANAGEMENT ECONOMICS AS A SCIENCE When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following questions: - the content and economic essence of land management; - the role of land management in the country’s economy; - subject, methods and objectives of the discipline. Guidelines for studying the topic When studying the topic, it is necessary first of all to understand the role of land as the main means of production and means of labor in agriculture, to show from a historical perspective that to begin the production process it is necessary to connect labor with land, other means of production and a certain organization of society . In the future, it is important to determine the similarities and differences between surveying and land management. It should be noted that land management has turned into a whole complex of actions that simultaneously have legal, technical, organizational, economic and economic content, and the economic side is dominant in land management and determines its essence. It is necessary to understand that the economic essence of land management is determined by the following: - land management is an integral part of the social mode of production and is influenced by the objective economic laws of social development; - reflects the economic interests of various classes of society and segments of the population; 11 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency - organizes the land not as a simple physical body, but as an object and tool of labor, the main means of production in agriculture, affects the economic fertility of soils; - is a factor in the intensification and growth of economic efficiency of agricultural production; - represents the information basis for creating an economic mechanism for regulating land relations; - is part of the land management system at various levels, is planned, financed, organized and operates in a real economic situation. It is necessary to disclose in detail each of the above reasons explaining the economic essence of land management. The study of the topic should begin with an analysis of the essence of land relations and their impact on the efficiency of land use. Next you need to find out the processes government regulation land use and show what determines the choice of priority directions of the state's land policy, consider the economic mechanism for regulating land relations, including investment and tax policies, measures of economic incentives for rational land use, and show the importance of land management. When studying the role of land management in the organization of production and rational environmental management, it is necessary to give the concept of organizing the rational use of land as the basis for increasing production efficiency, to consider land management and scientific and technological progress in terms of creating organizational and territorial conditions for the introduction of new equipment, technology and organization of production, to evaluate the role of land management in the organization of rational environmental management. It is necessary to understand that land management in the course of social development has become a multifaceted activity and represents a complex system of practical and theoretical knowledge. Therefore, it is studied by a complex of disciplines, including the discipline “Land Management Economics”, which 12 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency economic theory land management, its socio-economic essence and causes, the impact of land management on land use, economically feasible methods of land management, methods for taking into account the economic effect of land management, the effect of objective economic laws, the forms of their manifestation in organizing the use of land, ways to increase production efficiency. It is necessary to show the difference between the subject “Land Management Economics” and the subject “Land Management Design”. The main objectives of land management economics are: - study of the mechanism economic regulation land relations; - identifying ways to improve the efficiency of land use; - development and justification of rational forms of land ownership and land use, agricultural production and corresponding forms of territory organization; - establishing the optimal size and structure of land ownership and land use and choosing priority directions for their development; - improvement of land management design methods, economic justification and assessment of the economic efficiency of land management decisions; - increasing the efficiency of land management. It should be noted that the methodological basis of science is the laws of dialectics, the development of nature and society. It is necessary to study the methods of science determined by the methodology of scientific knowledge: scientific abstraction, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, historical study, experimental research, economic-statistical, monographic, calculation-constructive, economic-mathematical, etc. Questions for self-test 1. What is necessary to start production on land? 2. Give the concept of land surveying and name its main goals. 3. What actions did land surveying include? 13 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency 4. What actions does land management include? 5. Name the reasons explaining the dominance of the economic side of land management. Give an explanation for each reason. 6. What is the essence of land relations? 7. Name the components of the economic mechanism for regulating land relations. 8. What is the role of land management in organizing production and rational environmental management? 9. What is the subject of the discipline? 10. Name the objectives of the discipline “Land Management Economics” 11. List the methods of science. 14 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 2 LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL PRODUCTION When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider: - the objective nature of land management and its socio-economic content; - economic laws of society and the economic mechanism for regulating land relations; - land management as an integral part of the country’s economic mechanism; - the importance of land management in a market economy. Guidelines for studying the topic The study must begin with an analysis of the essence of land relations, land system, and state land policy. Then determine the measures and nature of the state’s influence on the land system (legal, economic, organizational). Next, it is necessary to identify the state bodies with the help of which land policy is carried out, to disclose the activities of land management bodies to regulate land relations: technical and legal registration of lands, establishment, provision and protection of land use and land ownership rights. It is also important to consider land development as a process established by law. When studying, it is necessary to show that land management has both a state and an objective character. At the same time, the state nature of land management should be disclosed as the activities of state bodies for the technical and legal registration of land, the establishment, enforcement and protection of land use rights (land ownership), the targeted regulation of land use, as the interaction of land management bodies with government bodies for the use of a unified state land fund not only in the personal interests and interests of the collective of workers, but also in the interests of the entire people. The objective nature of land management is explained by a number of reasons: firstly, the development of productive forces and production relations objectively leads to changes in land policy, changes in land use (land tenure); 15 Copyright OJSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" secondly, constantly, and even more so in the conditions of market relations, land users have a need for redistribution of lands and cultivated crops; thirdly, land management is determined by specific natural, historical and economic conditions. When presenting the socio-economic content of land management, it is necessary to link it with the social mode of production, to show the role of land management as an objectively developing economic phenomenon and the socio-economic process of purposeful organization of territory and production, inextricably linked with the land. Here it is important to show that the two most important tasks of land management - adapting the territory to production and adapting production to the territory - require interrelated solutions. Therefore, any measures aimed at improving land must be carried out with the direct participation of land management authorities or in agreement with them. The same applies to territorial production planning. When presenting the issue, it is necessary to confirm this position with examples of linking the organization of territory and land reclamation, the placement of the main road network, livestock complexes, etc. The economic laws of society are divided into general and specific. It is necessary to show the mechanism of their action, study the relationships, forms of manifestation and use of objective economic laws. The law of correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of productive forces should be considered in their dialectical unity and development. Next, it is important to show the forms of land ownership and land use as a reflection of the development of production relations of society, to evaluate the forms of land structure of the territory and their compliance with economic systems and farming systems as the material foundations of productive forces. It is also necessary to establish the correspondence of the content, forms and methods of land management to the nature of the productive forces and production relations, and to analyze the evolution of forms of land management in space and time. 16 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" When revealing the essence of the law of value and its influence on land management, it is necessary to study the forms of land ownership, forms of land tenure and land use, organization of agricultural production and the corresponding forms of land management and their effectiveness in the conditions of commodity-money production and market economy. It is important to establish the dependence of the value of land on its productive and territorial properties, the price of land on supply and demand, to justify the need to pay for land, to give the concept of the land market, the conditions and factors ensuring its development. Explaining the essence of the law of increasing labor productivity and the category of time saving as a result of the law, it is necessary to show the nature of land management as a dialectically and historically developing phenomenon, to prove the need for constant changes in the organization of the territory and making the forms of land management dependent on productive forces. It is also necessary to define the concept of the level of intensity of farming, its dependence on the optimal size of land ownership and land use, to show the relationship of land management with the achievements of scientific and technological progress, to justify land management on a scientific basis, to prove that land management is a factor in the development of production. The law of proportionality must be traced through examples of establishing inter-industry and intra-industry balances and relationships, horizontal and vertical integration, to show that during land management the best proportions between land, other means of production and labor are determined. When studying specific laws, it is also important to show their influence on land management in various socio-economic formations. It is necessary to determine the patterns of land management development. We can distinguish the components of the economic mechanism for regulating land relations: 17 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency - taxation system (land tax and its role in increasing production efficiency, use and distribution of funds received from land tax ); - investment policy (lending and subsidies, programs to support agriculture and priority areas for its development); - economic incentives for the rational use of land (allocation of budgetary allocations for the restoration and reclamation of land, exemption from land payments, compensation for temporary conservation of land, incentives for improving the quality of land, increasing soil fertility, productivity of forest lands, establishing increased prices for environmentally friendly products , tax benefits); - economic protection of agricultural lands (compensation payments for agricultural lands withdrawn for the needs of industry, transport and other non-agricultural purposes, penalties for loss of soil fertility, development of erosion processes, violation of environmental legislation). Land management is the information basis for the implementation economic policy state in the field of land use, and is closely interconnected with land monitoring and land cadastre. The great role of the land management service is in the implementation of the economic mechanism for regulating land relations through a system of state and regional programs for the use and protection of land, planning and forecasting, organizing the rational use of land, and monitoring the use and protection of land. Land management is the main lever in the implementation of socio-political tasks in the field of regulation of land relations. Therefore, the role of information, technical and legal land management support for the economic policy of the state in the field of land ownership and land use, as well as current state land management and land cadastre. 18 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency When revealing the environmental side of land management, it is important to justify the need to create sustainable agricultural landscapes, implement a system of environmental and anti-erosion measures, increase soil fertility and reclaim disturbed lands. Studying the role of land management in the country's land management system, it is necessary to characterize the land fund as an object of state management, establish the functions of state management of the land fund (maintenance of the land cadastre and land monitoring, forecasting and planning of land use, organization of rational use of lands, their reclamation, reclamation and protection , control over the use of land and resolution of land disputes), show the importance of land management in solving management problems. You should also pay attention to the functions of land management as an organizational and economic event, the need to provide and withdraw land, consider the farm and its territory as an object of land management, substantiate the relationship between land management and settlement, analyze the role of land management as a factor in increasing the efficiency of the economy and labor productivity. When studying the issue of the importance of land management in a market economy, it is necessary to give the concept of land privatization, show the procedure and methods for forming the land market and the real estate market, creating market land infrastructure (land banks, land exchanges, agencies for the formation, transfer and registration of real estate), land courts , you should also consider the categories of payment for land ownership and land use, land value, land price, tax rates, analyze the procedure for buying and selling, mortgaging land, obtaining loans and benefits. Attention should be paid to the features of the formation of land management bodies and their financing in a market economy, the features and basic methods of land management. 19 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency Questions for self-test 1. Give the concept of land relations. 2. What is the land system, land policy? 3. Name the measures of government influence on the land system. 4. What are the purpose and objectives of land management authorities? 5. What is the state nature of land management? 6. What explains the objective nature of land management? 7. What determines socio-economic content of land management? 8. Name the types of economic laws. 9. What laws are general, specific, special? 10. Explain the operation of the law of correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of productive forces in land management, the operation of the law of proportionality. 11. What parts does the mechanism for regulating land relations consist of? 12. Name the main elements of economic regulation of land relations. 13. How does the land fund move? 14. What are the functions of land management? 15. What land management actions correspond to certain functions? 20 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 3 MAIN ISSUES IN THE THEORY OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF LAND MANAGEMENT When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - types and indicators for assessing the economic efficiency of land management; - methodology for economic justification of land management decisions in schemes and projects and organization of land management. Guidelines for studying the topic One of the most important conditions taken into account when justifying land management design decisions is the territorial factor, which is closely related to the properties of land as a means of production. The territorial conditions of agricultural production are predetermined by the location of the land, the terrain, the area and configuration of land masses, their length and disconnected contours, remoteness and the nature of the connection with economic centers. It is necessary to see the connections between these conditions and such technical indicators of the territorial organization of production as the length of the run, the weighted average distance from serviced lands to economic centers, etc. It is important to note the economic side of the influence of the territorial factor on the productivity of machine and tractor units, transport work for the transportation of goods, people, transfers of agricultural machinery, loss of time on transitions and relocations of workers to service production, etc. It should be borne in mind that a feature of agricultural production is that the main field work is carried out within the boundaries of working areas, fields, and natural contours of the land. Therefore, the dimensions of the contours, their configuration, 21 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency, dissection of land by ravines, gullies, hydrographic and road networks, other obstacles, as well as distance from economic centers are the most important characteristics of land use. The spatial forms of the earth are largely determined by the combination of forms earth's surface, its relief, which are characterized by the depth of the territory, the steepness and exposure of the slopes, etc. It should be emphasized that among the various characteristics of the relief, the slope of the earth's surface is of particular importance as the most important factor in the occurrence of water erosion and limiting the plowing of agricultural lands, the placement of row crops and the organization of the territory as a whole. It is necessary to take into account the above indicators when planning land. When studying the influence of land management on the organization and efficiency of production, it is necessary to reveal the influence of decisions on various components and elements of land management projects on the organization and efficiency of production: the number, size and location of production units and economic centers; placement of main on-farm roads; organization of lands and crop rotations; arrangement of agricultural land. At the same time, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of organizing the territory of an agricultural enterprise on reducing the costs of organizing labor, using equipment, capital investments, labor resources and production assets. Considering the main approaches to methods for assessing land management decisions in pre-planning and pre-project documents on land management, it should be noted that pre-planning and pre-project developments include, first of all, the main directions and general schemes for the use of land resources of the country, the main directions for the use of land resources in the region, land management schemes for the region and administrative regions, as well as master plans organization of the territory of agricultural organizations. Methodological basis development and evaluation of decisions made in them is dialectical materialism with the well-known general laws of dialectics, such as the law of the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones, unity and struggle of opposites, negation. It is important to show that the methodology for assessing land management decisions is a set of principles and methods for their implementation. It presupposes the logic of development assessment, characterizes the content of individual stages and the sequence of their implementation. The methods and methodology of economic, technical, environmental and social assessments should be distinguished from the methodology for assessing land management developments. It should be remembered that the method for assessing land management decisions is only one of the methods or techniques for assessing the results, while the methodology is a set of particular rules and working methods for carrying out specific calculations. Methods and methodology are included in the methodology for assessing land management decisions as its components. The most important condition for comparing and evaluating pre-plan and pre-design land management developments is the need for the objects in question to operate in the same natural and economic conditions and the same specialization of production. It is necessary to dwell on the essence and reveal the content of systematic and integrated approaches to assessing decisions, on the statistical, monographic, abstract-logical, calculation-constructive and other methods used in making them. It is necessary to support your understanding of the issue with examples of specific developments. Expanding the issue of organizing and planning land management, first of all it is necessary to name who initiates and finances land management, what land management organizations are responsible for and what rights they have in exercising supervision over the implementation of land management projects. Next, it is necessary to establish the content of land management planning, paying special attention to the complexity and sequence of development of project documents, to reveal methods for planning the structure and objects of land management work, including when performing new types of 23 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book Agency Service" works, the use of modern methods, technologies and means of information land management support. Questions for self-test 1. What are the main features of assessing the economic efficiency of land management? 2. Give the concepts of environmental, social and economic efficiency of land management. 3. What is the difference between absolute and comparative economic efficiency? 4. How is the calculated and actual efficiency of land management determined? 5. For what reasons may the calculated and actual efficiency of land management not coincide? 6. What do the national economic and self-accounting (commercial) efficiency of land management reflect? 7. What indicators can be used to identify the economic efficiency of land management? 8. How can the main indicator (criterion) of the overall efficiency of on-farm land management be determined? 9. Name the components of the system of indicators for a complete assessment of various aspects of land management. 10. What properties of the land must be taken into account when planning land? 11. What is meant by the productive territorial properties of land? 12. What is meant by reproduction of soil fertility? 13. How does land management affect the organization and efficiency of production? 14. Basic methods for assessing land management decisions in pre-planning and pre-project documents. 15. Who organizes, carries out and pays for land management work? 16. What is taken into account when planning land development? 24 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 4 ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INVESTMENT PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS TO IMPROVE THE USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF LAND When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - types and stages of development of investment projects; - basic principles for assessing the effectiveness of investment projects; - assessment of the commercial effectiveness of investment projects. Guidelines for studying the topic Investment project - a plan or program for investing in order to make a profit. Investment is long-term investments funds (capital) into various sectors of the economy in order to generate income (profit). Based on the scale of implementation, the following types of investment projects are distinguished: global, large-scale, regional, sectoral, local and local. Investment projects are distinguished by their focus: commercial, environmental, social, and affecting state interests. Depending on the length of the investment period, projects are divided into short-term (the investment period does not exceed one year) and long-term, which have a longer investment period. Based on the nature and degree of state participation, investment projects with state budget financing are distinguished, using tax benefits, state guarantees or other forms of its participation. A generally accepted classification feature is the attachment object. In accordance with it, investments are divided into real and financial, capital-forming and portfolio investments. Real investments are considered to be long-term investments in the material production sectors. Financial investments are long-term and short-term investments of capital in various financial instruments for the purpose of generating income. Capital-forming investments are most often identified with capital investments in fixed capital, namely: in new construction, expansion, reconstruction, technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, acquisition of machinery, equipment, tools, inventory, intangible assets of an innovative nature, directly related to the operating activities of the enterprise. Portfolio investments are investments in long-term securities(stocks, bonds, bills and other debt securities). Based on participation in the investment process, investments are divided into direct and indirect. Direct investments include investments made by legal and individuals who own enterprises or have the right to participate in their management. They are divided into: - contributions to the authorized capital; - loans received from the co-owner of the enterprise. Indirect investments include investments made through financial intermediaries. Development and implementation process investment project usually includes the following stages: - pre-investment stage, during which investment decision on the feasibility of implementing the project; - investment stage, at which investments are made in investment objects; - the operational stage, which begins from the moment the first results from the investment are received and ends at the end of the investment period; - stage of liquidation of the object. 26 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency When considering the basic principles for assessing the effectiveness of investment projects, it should be remembered that determining the economic efficiency of an investment project is a check of the project’s compliance with the goals and interests of its participants. There are two types of economic efficiency of an investment project: - efficiency of the project as a whole; - effectiveness of participation in the project. Assessing the effectiveness of the project as a whole is determining the potential attractiveness of the project for all possible participants and sources of financing. It includes: - public (socio-economic) effectiveness of the project; - commercial effectiveness of the project. When determining social efficiency, the socio-economic consequences of the investment project for society as a whole, environmental, social and other effects are taken into account. Commercial efficiency is the effectiveness of an investment project for the participants implementing it, under the assumption that it produces everything necessary costs and enjoys all its results. The effectiveness of participation in the project, determined to identify the interest of all its participants in it, includes: - the effectiveness of enterprises’ participation in the project (the effectiveness of investment projects for participating enterprises); - efficiency of investing in enterprise shares (efficiency for shareholders of joint-stock enterprises - participants in the investment project); - the effectiveness of participation in the project of higher-level structures in relation to enterprises participating in the investment project, including regional and national economic efficiency - for individual regions and the national economy of the Russian Federation, as well as industry efficiency - for individual 27 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" of sectors of the national economy, financial and industrial groups, associations of enterprises and holding structures; - budgetary efficiency of investment projects (the effectiveness of state participation in the project in terms of expenses and revenues of budgets of all levels). When considering the issue of assessing the commercial effectiveness of investment projects, one should take into account the complexity of its implementation due to the fact that investing funds and receiving income are separated in time. To assess the effectiveness of investments, the following methods are used: a) static, fairly simple to calculate; b) dynamic, more complex, based on the theory of changes in value over time. Indicators for assessing the commercial effectiveness of investment projects are given in the guidelines for solving problems. Questions for self-test 1. What are investments and an investment project? 2. What types of investments are distinguished in domestic practice? 3. What stages does the process of developing and implementing an investment project include? 4. What does assessing the effectiveness of an investment project as a whole include? 5. What does assessing the effectiveness of participation in the project include? 6. What indicators for assessing the commercial effectiveness of investment projects are highlighted? 28 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 5 ECONOMICS OF INTERFARM LAND MANAGEMENT When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - the need for inter-farm land management and its main tasks; - maintenance of inter-farm land management; - socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management; - basic principles and conditions for the formation of land uses (land tenures) for agricultural purposes. Guidelines for studying the topic When starting to study the issue of the need for inter-farm land management, it is necessary to give the concept of land fund, characterize the main categories of land, then analyze the use of land and land use at the present stage, identify the main reasons causing the need for the distribution and redistribution of land between categories and industries national economy, land users and landowners: political, socio-economic, organizational and economic. It is necessary to define interfarm land management and identify its objects. Interfarm land management is characterized as one of the types of land management through which the rational use and protection of land resources is organized. Next, we should consider inter-farm land management as a set of legal, economic, social and technical measures. It is important to reveal the main tasks of inter-farm land management: determining the main intended purpose of land; providing all sectors of the economy and individual land users (landowners) with the necessary land plots, their expedient placement on the territory; 29 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency creating equal territorial conditions for the development of all forms of economic management on earth; strict compliance with land legislation, ensuring certainty of land boundaries; territorial organization of production, creating conditions for its successful development and increasing efficiency; formation and improvement of a rational system of land use and land tenure; development of land use and land ownership, strengthening and improvement of land relations; organizing the rational use and protection of lands, developing measures aimed at improving and restoring lands, increasing their fertility, protecting against erosion, reclamation, as well as conserving lands whose fertility cannot be restored; preparation of data for establishing land tax and rent, compensation for losses in agricultural production during land seizure. The main land management actions related to inter-farm land management: the formation of new land tenures and land uses of agricultural enterprises and peasant (farm) farms; streamlining existing land tenures and land uses of agricultural enterprises and peasant (farm) farms; formation of non-agricultural land uses; creation of special land funds; redistribution of lands of agricultural enterprises during their reorganization and privatization; establishing and changing the features of cities and towns; establishing the boundaries of rural settlements; justification for the placement and establishment of boundaries of specially protected areas; 30 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency establishing (restoring) the boundaries of administrative-territorial entities, land uses and land tenures on the ground. The socio-economic nature of land management must begin with a study of the economic prerequisites for the provision and withdrawal of land for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. Next, it is necessary to analyze the factors of inter-farm land management, reveal the reasons that determine the socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management, prove the economic essence of inter-farm land management and its social nature. Interfarm land management is divided into two types: 1) organization of land use of agricultural enterprises; 2) organization of land use of non-agricultural enterprises. When starting to characterize these varieties, it is necessary to understand that the division is based on differences in intended purpose the main parts of the unified state land fund, in the use of land as a means of production in agriculture and other sectors of the national economy. These differences are important: agricultural and non-agricultural land uses must include land of different quality. Accordingly, the content and methodology for creating agricultural and non-agricultural land uses will differ significantly. It is necessary to take into account that agricultural land use is characterized by: location as a whole, the location of its individual parts relative to the estates and their relative location relative to each other, the quantity and ratio of land, configuration and compactness, and the location of boundaries. Each of these characteristics affects the efficiency of agricultural production. It should be proven that changes in the above parameters affect controllability, production volume, capital investments, transport and other annual costs, land productivity, production costs, soil erosion, and social conditions. 31 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency Taking into account the above factors, it is important to formulate the basic principles for the formation of rational land use for agricultural purposes: - placement of each land use in accordance with the socio-economic interests of agriculture, in interrelation and taking into account the interests all land users located in this territory; - ensuring the size of production and land use corresponding to zonal conditions and specialization of agricultural production; - inclusion in each land use of types, areas and ratios of land that correspond to the specialization of farms and allow rational and efficient use of land; - ensuring compactness of land use, convenience of its configuration for organizing production and territory; - correct location of economic centers within the land use and their convenient connection with the land, among themselves and with external economic and administrative centers. When considering the tasks and content of the formation of non-agricultural land uses, one should focus on the diversity of non-agricultural objects, their various sizes and location, degree of impact on the environment. When creating non-agricultural land uses, the principle of priority of agricultural land use established by land legislation must be observed: lands suitable for agriculture, first of all, should be provided for agricultural purposes; non-agricultural lands or agricultural lands of worse quality are provided for non-agricultural needs. It is necessary to explain how compliance with this principle is achieved. In conclusion, the basic conditions that must be observed when creating agricultural land uses are formulated: - placement of the provided plot in a place where there are the necessary conditions for fulfilling the special purposes and tasks of the land user taking into account the interests of other industries and enterprises; - compliance of the area, configuration and natural conditions of the site with the purposes for which it is provided; - rational use and protection of land and other natural resources; - the most rational use of costs incurred for land improvement, maximum conservation of valuable land, intra-farm organization of the territory, prevention of land use disadvantages; - ensuring environmental protection. Questions for self-test 1. Define the concept of “interfarm land management”. 2. What reasons (factors) necessitate inter-farm land management? 3. In accordance with what principles is inter-farm land management carried out? 4. Reveal the reasons determining the socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management. What is its economic essence? 5. What tasks are performed during inter-farm land management? 6. What do the concepts mean: land withdrawal, land provision, land allotment? 7. Name the principles for the formation of rational land use for agricultural purposes. 8. List the main conditions that must be observed when forming agricultural land uses. 33 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 6 ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION OF AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS AND PEASANT FARMS When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - economic requirements for calculating the optimal area of land use (land ownership); - conditions and factors influencing the size of land use (land ownership) for agricultural purposes; - methods used in determining the estimated optimal sizes of land use (land ownership) for agricultural purposes; - assessment of land use (land tenure) of agricultural enterprises; - assessment of the economic efficiency of production (competitiveness) of the emerging agricultural organization; - assessment of the consequences of land seizure during the reorganization of agricultural organizations. Guidelines for studying the topic When creating new or reorganizing existing agricultural organizations, land should be allocated to them in optimal sizes. At the same time, the calculation of the optimal area is based on the requirements of rational construction and management of the economy, without taking into account which it is impossible to properly organize production and territory. It is necessary to list and analyze the most important of these requirements: - the basic conditions and factors of production - land, material resources, labor - must be in certain proportions and balanced; - the production direction of the farm, its specialization and structure must necessarily be established taking into account soil fertility, the degree of cultivation of the land, and the possibility of subsequent transformation and improvement of the land; 34 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency - sustainable development of any economy is possible only on the basis of expanded reproduction; - to reduce various types of costs, the farm should, if possible, be located on the same land mass, have the correct shape, rational configuration with an environmentally and economically justified placement of boundaries and economic center; - in terms of the size of the land area and the organizational and production structure, the farm must be manageable; - all sectors of the economy must be provided with the necessary areas of land of the appropriate composition; - when establishing the size of a farm by land area, it is necessary to take into account a set of requirements for agricultural production (seasonality, technological interdependence of crop and livestock sectors, agronomic, zootechnical, biological, environmental, construction and planning, sanitary and hygienic conditions and restrictions). Without taking these requirements into account, it is impossible to properly organize production and territory. It is necessary to characterize the main factors and conditions influencing the size of land use (land tenure) of an agricultural enterprise: -production direction (specialization) of the farm, composition and combination of its industries; - natural conditions characterizing soil fertility, reclamation and cultural-technical condition of lands, their contour, dissection, distance from economic centers, main roads, etc.; - the provision of the economy with labor resources, the composition and level of qualifications of administrative and managerial personnel and other workers, the possibility of attracting labor from outside; -availability of fixed and working production assets, monetary and material resources, the possibility of attracting bank loans; 35 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency - availability and condition of the road network, vehicles, communications, accommodation conditions, etc. In this case, it is necessary to show which conditions influence the increase and which - the decrease in land use area. As a result, it is necessary to define the optimal (rational) area of land use (land ownership), which will ensure maximum economic efficiency, rational use and protection of land resources. To determine the calculated (initial) optimal sizes of land use (land tenure), various methods are used: the method of analogues, economic-statistical, calculation-constructive, analytical, economic-mathematical. Using these methods, it is necessary to take into account territorial and natural conditions when establishing the final size of land use (land ownership) and its boundaries, land structure and production. It is necessary to dwell in more detail on the economic-statistical and calculation-constructive methods, to study the functional relationships between the optimal value of the size of land use (land ownership) and the cost of gross output, as well as the value of production costs and net income. When studying the application of the economic-mathematical method, it is necessary to give a general concept of the economic-mathematical model, the methods and rules for its construction, and methods for using models to solve specific problems. When assessing land uses (land holdings) of agricultural enterprises, it is necessary to understand the essence of assessing land uses (land holdings), name the main factors and conditions that characterize land uses (land holdings), conclude that the assessment of land uses should be reduced to determining their suitability for performing production tasks, and also requirements for nature conservation and creation the best conditions for the work and life of the rural population. 36 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency It is necessary to understand that the system of indicators for assessing the state of land use should provide: - detailed quantitative and qualitative characteristics of all positive and negative properties of land use; - the ability to determine the compliance of land uses with the basic requirements imposed on them; - a comprehensive comparison of different land uses with each other with a determination of how much a given land use is better or worse than another; - determining the state feasibility of introducing certain changes in land use, as well as the compliance of these changes with the objective interests of interested land users; - assessing the decisions that have arisen, changes in land use and determining their economic efficiency. It is advisable to divide the land use assessment indicators into three levels: - the first level includes a comprehensive assessment of land use, which collectively characterizes the compliance of land use with the requirements for it; - the second level should include indicators that are independent from each other and characterize land use; - the third level should include indicators that are independent and dependent on each other, quantitatively and qualitatively characterizing all the positive and negative properties of land uses. Indicators of the highest level, as a rule, are determined on the basis of indicators of the lowest. When assessing the economic efficiency of production (competitiveness) of a newly formed agricultural organization, it is important to show the need for economic efficiency of production of the enterprise being organized, establish a list of evaluation indicators, and outline a methodology for calculating a general indicator - the expected level of profitability of the farm or rate of return. Next, it is necessary to assess the effectiveness of capital investments, if they are provided for in the land management project. 37 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency When assessing the economic efficiency of production of a newly organized agricultural enterprise, it is first necessary to prove the feasibility of establishing a new or reorganizing production and the territory of an existing farm. For this purpose, it is necessary to characterize the system of indicators of the inter-farm land management project during the formation of land tenures and land uses for agricultural purposes, which makes it possible to: - compare project data with the results of production activities achieved by the farm, or the control standard level that ensures expanded reproduction; - assess the impact on agricultural production of all measures for organizing the territory, choose the optimal size of the farm and the most the best option its land management; - provide the final selected version of the project with digital material characterizing the design structure and level of production development, the arrangement of the enterprise territory. When studying the issue, it is necessary to characterize the indicators of gross, marketable and net production, the level of profitability of the economy, the level of use of land and labor resources, the coefficient of investment efficiency, and other indicators of production efficiency. As a result, one should conclude that it is necessary to support inter-farm land management projects with appropriate economic calculations. When assessing the consequences of land seizure during the reorganization of agricultural organizations, it is necessary to determine the conditions under which the reorganization is economically feasible. Next, it is necessary to outline the sequence of actions when reorganizing farms, creating new ones or streamlining existing land uses (land holdings). At the same time, establish what a comprehensive assessment of the territory provides, taking into account what recommendations the reorganization project is developed and what land management design methodology is used in this case. Considering the consequences of land seizure during the reorganization of agricultural enterprises, it is necessary to justify the economic feasibility of such seizure, to provide for minimizing possible damage and creating organizational and territorial conditions that contribute to increasing production efficiency. To assess the possibility of land seizure, it is necessary to use indicators that characterize the degree of decline in production at the enterprise during its reorganization and the formation of new land tenures and land uses within its boundaries: a decrease in the area of arable land, a change in the volume of gross output and its value, the amount of costs for cultivating agricultural crops, additional costs for maintaining soil fertility, costs for idle travel of agricultural machinery, increased costs of field mechanized work, additional capital investments in new residential and industrial construction, road construction, increased annual costs, decreased net income and profitability. Questions for self-test 1. Name the basic requirements for the rational construction and management of a household. 2. What conditions and factors influence the size of land use (land ownership) of a farm? 3. Describe the main methods used to determine the estimated optimal sizes of agricultural land uses (land holdings). 4. By what main parameters is land use (land ownership) characterized? 5. What is the essence of land use (land tenure) assessment? 6. On what principles should the system of indicators for assessing the state of land use (land tenure) be built? 7. Name the basic requirements taken into account when calculating the optimal area of land ownership (land use). 8. By what indicators is the economic efficiency of production of a newly formed enterprise assessed? 39 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency 9. Name the conditions under which the reorganization of the economy is not economically feasible. 10. What is the sequence of actions when reorganizing farms? 40 Copyright OJSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 7 ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION FOR ELIMINATING DISADVANTAGES OF LAND USE (LAND TENURE) AND PROVIDING LAND FOR NON-AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES When studying this topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: -economic efficiency of eliminating disadvantages of land use (land tenure) titles); -content of the project for the withdrawal and provision of land for non-agricultural purposes; - losses (losses) of agricultural organizations in connection with the seizure of land for non-agricultural purposes and the procedure for their determination; - procedure for compensation for losses in agricultural production. Guidelines for studying the topic When considering the issue of economic efficiency of eliminating the shortcomings of land tenure (land use), these shortcomings should be noted: - striping (interfarm); - extended land use; - inconvenient external boundaries; - the presence of extraneous land uses that complicate the use of land; - small-scale agricultural land; - low share of agricultural land; - inconvenient placement of production units; - inconvenient placement of land masses; - inconvenient location of the territory in relation to the on-farm main road network; - division of territory by natural and artificial barriers (internal striping); 41 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency - irrational size of land use (land ownership); - poor condition of the on-farm road network; - irrational structure of agricultural land; - fragmentation of production; - limited rights of the land user (land owner); - little or much land; - absence of basic cultural and social institutions on the territory; - the presence of conditions that impede the sustainability of land use; - inconvenient location in relation to product delivery points and supply points; - inconvenient location in relation to administrative and cultural centers; - inconvenient location in relation to the public road network; - neglect of agricultural land; - difficult terrain; - presence of danger of soil erosion; - great diversity of soil cover; - low soil fertility; - unfavorable climatic conditions; - poor water supply; - unfavorable hydrographic and hydrogeological conditions; - unfavorable sanitary-hygienic and veterinary-zootechnical conditions; - poor natural vegetation cover; - lack of mineral resources for on-farm needs; - floodability of the territory. In specific conditions, the composition of deficiencies and their impact on the socio-economic activities of farms may be different. Therefore, it is necessary to identify not only their presence, but also to determine the degree of negative impact, establish the causes of their occurrence and methods of elimination. It is advisable 42 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency to classify the shortcomings. Firstly, it is carried out according to the signs of manifestation: shortcomings in the location and configuration of land uses (external, internal, mixed), production and social shortcomings, disadvantages of location, natural disadvantages. Secondly, the classification is carried out according to elimination methods: inter-farm land management, intra-farm organization of the territory, their combination. In addition, there are deficiencies that are difficult to eliminate, as well as deficiencies that are almost impossible to get rid of. We should dwell in more detail on methods for eliminating the shortcomings of land ownership (land use) in inter-farm land management projects simultaneously for a group of land ownership and land use: - exchange of equal and equivalent plots of land; - exchange of unequal and unequal areas; - gratuitous or compensated (for a fee) transfer of land from one farm to another; - formation of new or reorganization of existing land tenures and land uses. It is necessary to study the indicators for assessing the economic damage caused by shortcomings of land use (land tenure), and the methodology for calculating the values of economic justification indicators and determining the effectiveness of eliminating such shortcomings. The criterion for the economic efficiency of eliminating the shortcomings of land tenure (land use) should be considered the elimination of their negative impact on economic activity and land use. When considering the content of the project for the acquisition and provision of land for non-agricultural purposes, it is important not only to name the content of the project for the acquisition of land for non-agricultural needs, but also to analyze the issues of the project from the point of view of the complexity of both the project as a whole and for solving its individual components and issues. When calculating losses (damages) of agricultural organizations in connection with the seizure of land for non-agricultural purposes and the procedure for their determination, it is necessary to provide explanations for the definition (calculation) of each of them, based on legislation Russian Federation. It should be borne in mind that the following are subject to reimbursement: the cost of residential buildings, cultural and social facilities, industrial and other buildings and structures or the costs of moving them to a new location, the cost of reclamation and erosion control structures; the cost of fruit and berry, protective and other perennial plantings grown by the landowner and land user (including the tenant), including cultivated forest plantings; the cost of work in progress (plowing, fertilizing, sowing and other work); the value of crop yields and various types of non-timber forest products; costs of improving the quality of land during the ownership or use of land plots and other losses associated with the seizure or temporary occupation of land plots, restriction of the rights of land users or deterioration in the quality of land; costs for the restoration of buildings and structures damaged as a result of subsidence of the earth's surface during the development of mineral deposits, as well as additional costs for the implementation of protective measures located in in the prescribed manner in areas where mineral deposits occur in buildings and structures from possible shrinkage of the earth's surface. Disclose the procedure for determining losses (costs) caused by inconveniences in the use of land, deterioration in quality, restriction of the rights of land users, and lost profits. When considering the procedure for compensation for losses in agricultural production, it is necessary to use the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and regulatory documents. The procedure for compensation for losses in agricultural production should be outlined: by whom, to whom, how it is compensated, how these funds are used, in what cases losses are not compensated, etc. Questions for self-test 44 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency 1. Name the disadvantages of land use. 2. In what ways are the disadvantages of land use (land tenure) eliminated? 3. Contents of the project for land allocation for non-agricultural needs. 4. What losses (losses) are compensated to agricultural organizations in connection with the seizure of land for non-agricultural needs? 5. What is the procedure for compensation for losses (damages)? 6. By whom, to whom and how are losses of agricultural production compensated? 7. In what cases are losses in agricultural production not compensated? 45 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 8 FUNDAMENTALS OF ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION FOR LAND MANAGEMENT DECISIONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAND MANAGEMENT PROJECTS When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - the relationship between the forms of organization of production and territory at various levels of the production process; - differentiation of the economic effect of organizing the territory; - a system of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of on-farm land management projects. Guidelines for studying the topic When considering the relationship between the forms of organization of production and territory, first of all, it is necessary to understand that in order to build a system of indicators for the economic assessment of land management projects, it is necessary to take into account: - the structure and stages of the production process, within the framework of which the organization of land use is carried out, starting from the territorial organization of the process labor and ending with the process of reproduction of a socially necessary product at the level of the economy as a whole; - the role of land at various levels (stages) of the production process, when land can act as a subject of labor, the main means of production and a spatial operating basis; - a list of main issues to be justified in various components of the project and according to its elements. It is necessary to show that each part (stage) of production has its own form of land structure. It must be emphasized that differentiation of the production process leads to differentiation of the effect of organizing the territory depending on the role of the land and the nature of its use. 46 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Next, it is necessary to show what the main effect of the on-farm organization of the territory is when solving various components of on-farm land management, how the general indicator for assessing the effectiveness of the project is determined, taking into account development and improvement measures and land protection, construction of facilities and structures and others, i.e. works requiring capital and additional production costs. When determining a system of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of on-farm land management projects, it should first be shown that increasing production efficiency is associated with improving specialization, clarifying the number and boundaries of production units, the composition and placement of land and crop rotations, reducing annual costs for the transportation of goods, transitions and relocations of people, relocations of equipment , cultivation of fields, increasing the yield of agricultural crops due to better consideration of predecessors, soil and other conditions, increasing animal productivity due to better assigning pastures to livestock, reducing travel, and fully providing livestock with feed. Since land management projects are complex in nature, economic assessment must be consistent with environmental and social issues. In addition, the development of land management projects requires the solution of specific (technical) and production (technological) issues. In this regard, the economic justification for on-farm land management projects includes the following parts: - engineering and technological (technical and economic); - production and technical (agroeconomic); - economic; - socio-economic. Next, it is necessary to disclose the main content and goals of each named part of the economic justification. 47 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency Questions for self-test 1. What must be taken into account when constructing a system of indicators for the economic assessment of land management projects? 2. What stages is the production process of an agricultural enterprise divided into? 3. What forms of land structure correspond to each stage of production? 4. What is the main effect of the on-farm organization of the territory? 5. How is the general indicator for assessing the effectiveness of the project determined? 6. Name the parts that make up the economic justification for on-farm land management projects. 7. What is the main purpose of each part of the economic feasibility study for projects? 48 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 9 COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE ON-FARM LAND MANAGEMENT PROJECT When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - economic efficiency of the activities of the on-farm land management project that do not require capital costs; - economic efficiency of on-farm land management project activities associated with significant capital costs. Guidelines for studying the topic When considering the first question, it is necessary to understand that the effectiveness of measures not related to capital costs is established by comparing the project indicators with the normative or corresponding indicators of the agricultural enterprise before land development. In the system of such indicators, groups can be distinguished that characterize the conditions: organization of production and its management; road communications; organization of lands and crop rotations; arrangement of agricultural land; nature conservation. Specific indicators of these groups make it possible to identify the organizational, economic and technical efficiency of the on-farm land management project, as well as its feasibility in agro-economic terms. Next, it is necessary to name the technical economic indicators (measures) that do not require capital expenditures for implementation, and show the expected effect of these events; technical indicators and methods for their determination. When studying the second question, it is necessary to clearly identify activities that require capital expenditures; additional annual costs; increase in production, cost savings. Capital costs are calculated for the following activities: transformation and improvement of agricultural land, development of new land; engineering equipment of the territory; anti-erosion measures; design and survey work. Annual production costs associated with the implementation of project activities include: depreciation; operating costs; production costs; transportation costs for transporting additional products, lost income; increase in the cost of field work. Product growth, annual cost savings, and prevention of product losses must be analyzed according to the following indicators (measures): production growth due to development, improvement, implementation of anti-erosion measures and reduction of areas under production facilities; reduction of transport costs due to reduction of average distances and improvement of transport conditions; reduction (increase) of costs for idling and turning of agricultural machinery; additional net income from the elimination of small contours; placement of agricultural crops taking into account the quality of soils and predecessors in crop rotation; reducing losses in livestock productivity due to the proximity of pastures to farms, etc. It is necessary to provide a methodology for determining costs, income, and savings for each indicator (event). At the same time, it is important to emphasize that the main indicator for evaluating an on-farm land management project is the ratio of the increase in net income to the present costs. Questions for self-test 1. Name the technical and economic indicators of the on-farm land management project. 2. List the groups of organizational and economic activities and the expected effect as a result of their implementation. 3. What technical indicators can justify the effectiveness of activities? 4. What activities require capital expenditures when implementing an on-farm land management project? 50 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency 5. Name the additional annual costs when implementing the activities of the on-farm land management project. 6. Through what project activities can you generate additional income? 7. What measures can reduce costs and product losses? 51 Copyright OJSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 10 ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION FOR LOCATING PRODUCTION DIVISIONS, ECONOMIC CENTERS When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - the main criteria and economic indicators for justifying the location of production units and economic centers; - methodology for calculating one-time costs when justifying the location of production units and business centers; - methodology for calculating annual costs when justifying the location of production units and business centers. Guidelines for studying the topic When studying the first question, it is necessary to formulate criteria and indicators for the economic justification for the placement of production units and business centers, assessment of new construction and placement of settlements and production centers, economic efficiency of capital investments in the expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing production (one-time costs, annual costs, losses and gains in production, etc.). When addressing the second question, one should consider the methodology for calculating one-time costs for new production, housing, cultural and community construction and engineering equipment of the territory, the amount of capital investment for the reconstruction or re-equipment of buildings, as well as associated depreciation and operating costs. When studying the third question, it is necessary to understand the methodology for calculating the annual costs of transporting goods and workers; cost price52 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency of crop and livestock products, depending on the level of specialization and concentration of production and general business expenses; loss of products from the area occupied by housing and industrial construction; additional costs associated with the formation of a new herd; calculations of the cost of additional products depending on the growth of livestock numbers and the increase in manure yield. Next, it is necessary to calculate the efficiency ratio of capital investments, reduced costs, and the amount of additional net income per unit of reduced costs. Questions for self-test 1. List the indicators used in the economic justification for the location of production units and economic centers of an agricultural enterprise. 2. How to evaluate the effectiveness of new construction, the placement of settlements and production centers of the economy? 3. How to determine the loss of production from the area occupied by housing and industrial construction? 4. How to determine the increase in production due to the concentration of livestock on farms and crops of leading crops in production units? 5. How to evaluate the economic efficiency of capital investments in the expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing production facilities? 6. What are the criteria for economic justification for the location of production units and business centers? 53 Copyright OJSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 11 ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION FOR LOCATING MAIN INTERNAL ROADS When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - indicators for assessing options for locating the main road network; - methodology for calculating one-time and annual costs and losses; - methodology for determining losses of farm products due to impassability. Methodological guidelines for studying the topic On-farm roads include roads connecting central estates with the centers of their divisions, livestock farms, field camps, points of procurement, storage and processing of products and other agro-industrial facilities, as well as providing transport links with public roads. Highways are divided into five categories. Depending on the traffic intensity, according to SNiP P-D-572, farm access roads belong to category IV, and permanent on-farm roads belong to category V. They are divided into four groups: main on-farm roads; entrances; main field roads; roads and passages in rural settlements. Group I includes roads connecting the central estates of agricultural enterprises with the estates of production units, other rural settlements, as well as the estates of production units among themselves, with highways public areas, railway stations. Group II includes roads connecting the estates of production units and other rural settlements with livestock farms, subsidiary workshops, 54 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency, points of procurement, storage and primary processing of products with fertilizer warehouses and pesticides, construction sites, quarries of local building materials. Group III included permanent field roads connecting the estates of production units, farms, other settlements and production centers with agricultural lands and individual economic plots, field camps. Group IV of roads is the subject of design when drawing up master plans for the development of settlements. When placing an on-farm road network, the following issues are resolved: determining the direction of roads; establishing the category and type of coverage; placement of tracks and artificial structures on them. In conclusion, the cost and priority of construction and the economic efficiency of capital investments are determined. The road network on the territory of an agricultural enterprise should provide: - convenient transport connections with the greatest economic effect, year-round and timely implementation transport works at the lowest cost; - increasing the economic efficiency of agricultural production; - minimum capital investments in organizing transport work, reducing losses in agricultural production from impassability; - creation of a unified system of cargo transportation and non-cargo movements, satisfaction of cultural, everyday and other social needs. On-farm roads should create conditions for year-round transport connections. When studying options for the placement of the main road network, it is necessary to find out the location of main on-farm roads and road structures, and reveal the methodology for calculating capital investments for the construction of roads and road structures. 55 Copyright OJSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" When calculating one-time and annual costs and losses, one should consider calculation methods: depreciation charges, annual operating costs for the maintenance and repair of road structures, costs of transporting goods by car and tractors, loss of production from agricultural land taken for road construction. When studying the volume of losses of farm products due to impassability, it is necessary to understand the methodology for determining these losses (due to soil overcompaction, reduction of productive area due to damage to crops near field dirt roads in broken, rutted areas, due to dustiness of crops, due to loss of production during transportation, violation of production technology, etc.). Next, it is important to show how the calculation of investment efficiency ratios and reduced costs is carried out. Questions for self-test 1. What indicators are used when analyzing options for locating roads on the farm territory? 2. How to calculate the amount of capital investment for road construction? 3. What indicators of annual costs are used in the economic justification for the placement of highways? 4. What causes product losses due to impassability? 56 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 12 ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, TRANSFORMATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF LAND When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - methodology for calculating capital investments for the development of new lands, transformation and reclamation improvement of agricultural land , improvement of natural forage lands and creation of cultivated pastures, implementation of a set of anti-erosion measures; - calculation of the cost of gross crop production and production costs, increases in net income, investment efficiency indices; - criterion for the best option for organizing farmland. Guidelines for studying the topic The main task of transforming land is to bring their composition and ratio into compliance with new production and environmental requirements. The main goal is to increase economic efficiency and ensure the environmental feasibility of further use of land. As a result of the transformation of land plots, their new location is determined. Therefore, the transformation and placement of land is a complex and interconnected task. Increasing the intensity of land use is possible by radically improving them, either as a result of complex reclamation work, or through cultural and technical measures (uprooting bushes and small forests, clearing hummocks and stones, gypsuming, anti-erosion measures, etc.). The complex task also includes land improvement. The establishment of a new land structure by means of transformation, their improvement and placement are closely related and form a single whole. 57 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency Thus, the organization of land means the establishment of a cost-effective and environmentally feasible composition, ratio and placement of them on the territory. The designed composition and relationship (structure) of lands, their placement on the territory must meet the following requirements: - rational use of all lands in accordance with their natural properties; - stopping and preventing erosion processes and improving landscapes; - systematic restoration and increase of soil fertility; - compliance of the designed organization of land with the established specialization of industries and their rational combination; - ensuring the sustainability of the feed supply for livestock farming; - minimal costs for transportation and storage of products without significant losses; - creation of favorable conditions for increasing labor productivity and highly efficient use of machine and tractor units. Compliance with the listed requirements is the starting point when determining the volume of transformation and improvement of land, allocation of land, taking into account natural and economic factors. It is necessary to disclose the methodology for calculating capital investments for the development of new lands, transformation and reclamation of agricultural lands, improvement of natural forage lands and the creation of cultivated pastures, and the implementation of a set of anti-erosion measures. Show how to calculate the cost of gross crop production and production costs, increases in net income, and investment efficiency ratios. Explain the mechanism for establishing the priority of agricultural development, transformation and improvement of land, depending on the efficiency ratio of investment activities. 58 Copyright OJSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Next, it is necessary to show how indicators of comparative efficiency of capital investments are calculated, to study the methodology for calculating the costs of major renovation, depreciation, current repairs and operation, implementation of technological measures, carrying out technological processes in crop production. It is also important to understand the features of the methodology for economic justification for eliminating small-scale and fragmented land, and to substantiate the criterion for the best option for organizing farm land. Questions for self-test 1. What groups of activities are distinguished when assessing the development, transformation and improvement of land? 2. What indicator is used as a general indicator when choosing the best option for land development, transformation and improvement? 3. How to calculate the increase in net income from land transformation and improvement? 4. What are the features of assessing the development, transformation and improvement of land in small-scale conditions? 59 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 13 METHODOLOGY FOR ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF THE ORGANIZATION OF A CROPPING ROTATION SYSTEM When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - analysis, environmental and technological characteristics and assessment of the comparative suitability of working areas for cultivation agricultural crops; - economic assessment of the efficiency of cultivating agricultural crops in working areas; - justification of the crop rotation system; - assessment of options for organizing a crop rotation system. Guidelines for studying the topic Organization of ecological crop rotations, their justification are carried out on the basis of formation, analysis, environmental and technological characteristics, assessment of the comparative suitability of working areas and economic assessment of the efficiency of cultivating crops on them. It is necessary to provide technical and environmental indicators for assessing working areas, show the methodology for their determination, and consider the methodology for assessing the comparative suitability of working areas for cultivating agricultural crops. At the same time, it is necessary to establish groups of factors that influence the suitability of working areas for various crops, explain how the data from such an assessment are used in the formation of environmental and technological groups, and then crop rotations. If materials for on-farm land assessment are available, crop rotations are organized based on the results of grouping working plots according to the amount of estimated net income when cultivating various crops on them. In the absence of such materials, the main economic information information about the plots can be obtained as a result of their assessment of the efficiency of cultivating agricultural crops on a computer using a special program. Such an assessment can be expressed in the form of conditional income or conditional energy efficiency of cultivating crops in working areas. In this case, only those types of costs that depend on the spatial and technological properties of working areas, as well as land fertility, can be taken into account. Next, it is necessary to show how soils, precursors and other conditions influence the cost of gross crop production, technological properties and the distance of working areas from economic centers on production costs (for in-field work, transportation of goods, people, transportation of equipment), to study the methodology for calculating reproduction costs soil fertility. It is also important to consider the methodology for assessing indicators of the efficiency of labor organization, the concentration of crops and the use of agricultural machinery, and the influence of the timing of harvesting crops on product losses. It is necessary to name the conditions and factors influencing the choice of the form of crop rotation (in time and space or only in time), types, species, quantity, composition and rotation of crops. This is, on the one hand, cultivation technology, requirements for the natural environment, labor intensity, load capacity, on the other hand, various conditions of land plots (soil, topography, water regime, compactness, distance from economic centers, area, configuration), on the third - economic conditions (specialization of the farm and concentration of livestock, structure of agricultural land, location and size of arable land, erodibility of land, etc.). It should be shown how all these conditions influence the organization of the crop rotation system, and what options for the number, types, types, forms and placement of crop rotations are possible in this regard. When presenting the issue of assessing options for organizing crop rotations, technical and economic indicators should be listed. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that comparison of crop rotation options with alternation of crops in time and space (across fields) and alternation only in time (across working areas) based on technical indicators is impossible. According to61 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency, the final assessment of options is made according to economic criteria, which can be the average annual conditional income or energy output. Next, it is necessary to show how this indicator is determined, what other requirements, in addition to the economic effect, must be taken into account. Questions for self-test 1. What is the basis for organizing ecological and technological crop rotations? 2. What indicators are used to characterize work areas? 3. How is the comparative suitability of working areas for cultivating crops determined? 4. What is the assessment of working plots based on the efficiency of cultivating crops on them? 5. What is taken into account when calculating the conditional income and energy efficiency of cultivating crops in working areas? 6. What conditions and factors influence the choice of types, types, forms, quantities and placement of crop rotations? 7. Options for organizing a crop rotation system. 8. What technical indicators are used when assessing options for organizing crop rotations? 9. What is the criterion for choosing the best option for organizing crop rotations? 62 Copyright OJSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 14 COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF OPTIONS FOR DESIGNING THE TERRITORY OF CROPPING ROTATIONS, PERMANENT PLANTINGS AND FORAGE LAND When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - assessment of the location of fields and working areas; - economic efficiency of agrotechnical measures; - assessment of the placement of shelterbelts, field camps and sources of field water supply; - assessment of the arrangement of the territory of perennial plantings and forage lands. Guidelines for studying the topic When considering the assessment of the location of fields and working areas, it is necessary to outline the methodology for calculating losses of field production on headlands and wedges, from the area occupied by additional field roads; saving production costs by reducing slopes in working directions, increasing the length of the headland, reducing downtime of agricultural machinery for organizational and technical reasons, reducing the number of intra-shift moves of equipment from site to site. When studying the economic efficiency of agricultural practices, it is necessary to consider additional annual production costs, i.e. not related to capital investments and carried out on the basis of attracting additional capital investments. When considering the economic justification for the placement of shelterbelts, one should study the methodology for calculating one-time costs for establishing shelterbelts and caring for them, calculating net income (production gain) due to the agroclimatic influence of shelterbelts, taking into account their water-regulating role, the angle of approach of the prevailing winds and shadow oppression 63 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" plants, product losses from the area occupied by forest belts, as well as from the area of turning lanes, the increase in net income per unit of capital investment when creating forest belts. It is also necessary to consider the procedure for assessing the effectiveness of the construction of field camps and sources of field water supply. When assessing the arrangement of the territory of perennial plantings and forage lands, one should study the cost methodology for mechanized cultivation of orchards and vineyards; losses of products from areas occupied by additional inter-block and inter-cellular roads, subsidiary economic centers, forest belts; the cost of additional products due to the positive impact of horticultural shelterbelts, grassing of rows of perennial plantings, as well as assessing the effectiveness of investments in the design of horticultural shelterbelts, roads, business centers (team yards, container sites, areas allocated for the storage and preparation of pesticides, etc.). Next, it is necessary to study the methodology for calculating capital investments for fencing pastures, building livestock runs, summer camps, annual production costs and losses: depreciation and operating costs; loss of animal productivity and field products due to significant livestock movements and damage to crops in the absence of cattle drives; losses of products from the area occupied by cattle runs and summer camps; determining the yield of gross additional production through the introduction of pasture rotation, standardized and driven grazing of livestock, investment efficiency ratios and reduced costs. Regarding the arrangement of the hayfield area, consider calculating the cost of additional products due to the introduction of hay rotations, determining the losses of agricultural production from the area occupied by additional roads, calculating the cost savings for mechanized processing of hayfields due to a reduction in working areas and an increase in the length of the rut. 64 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency Questions for self-test 1. Why is a comparative assessment of the arrangement of arable land needed? 2. What indicator is used as a general indicator in such an assessment? 3. What indicators are used when calculating the efficiency of using equipment in this component and why? 4. What is the economic efficiency of agricultural activities? 5. How to evaluate options for the territorial placement of forest belts, field camps, and field water supply sources? 6. Outline the methodology for economic justification for the arrangement of an area of perennial plantings and forage lands. 7. What types of losses arise and how to calculate them when creating pastures? 65 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Topic 15 FEATURES OF ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LAND MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS IN VARIOUS NATURAL AREAS When studying the topic, it is necessary to consider the following issues: - assessment of the effectiveness of the anti-erosion organization of the territory; - justification of land management projects in areas of drainage and irrigation activities; - efficiency of organizing special crop rotations; - justification of land management decisions in working projects; - use of the energy approach when assessing land management decisions. Guidelines for studying the topic When considering the issue of anti-erosion organization of the territory, it is necessary to understand what types of protective measures from the entire complex of anti-erosion measures require capital costs and, therefore, an assessment of their economic efficiency, and what additional indicators are used. Next, it is necessary to understand what basic indicators are used in the economic justification of soil-protective crop rotations, how the cost of crop production is determined taking into account the placement of crops in areas with varying degrees of erosion, the cost of purchasing and applying fertilizers depending on the estimated volume of soil being washed away. In this case, it is necessary to analyze the values of soil loss under various crops depending on the category of land, the effectiveness of various anti-erosion measures (increase in grain yield - c/ha, prevention of soil loss - t/ha, material costs - rub./ha, net income from measures – rub./ha). 66 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency When studying the issue of land management projects in areas of drainage and irrigation activities, it is necessary to find out the main indicators of the economic efficiency of land management solutions in land reclamation areas, then show what costs are included when calculating each indicator , how the payback period of capital investments is determined. It is also important to understand how the best design option is selected, if one is developed. When considering the effectiveness of organizing special (specialized) crop rotations, it is first necessary to understand under what conditions their introduction will be economically justified and what indicators are used when analyzing options for introducing special crop rotations. Next, we should consider the location of lands suitable for special crop rotations relative to economic centers and the corresponding design solutions that give the effect of concentrating crops on the best soils and nearby lands, especially labor-intensive and load-intensive crops. In this case, it is necessary to analyze possible options for organizing a crop rotation system. It is also necessary to consider cases of introducing fodder near-farm crop rotations, indicators of their economic justification, and methods for calculating transport costs. The study of the issue of justification of land management decisions in working projects must begin with an understanding of the main objectives of working projects, their composition in connection with the use and protection of land, differences in the content and indicators of the economic justification of working projects for areal and linear objects. It is important to further establish a criterion for the effectiveness of investment. When considering the issue of using the energy approach when assessing land management decisions, it is necessary to analyze the reasons for using the energy approach in land management, establish measures that allow achieving resource conservation and achieving a positive energy effect in the production process. Next, it is necessary to name land management measures that allow 67 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency to reduce energy costs for maintaining the territory and operating production. Questions for self-test 1. By what indicators can one evaluate various options for anti-erosion organization of the territory of an agricultural enterprise? 2. How to economically justify the need to introduce soil-protective crop rotation on washed away lands? 3. List the main indicators of the economic feasibility of on-farm land management projects in areas of intensive drainage and irrigation activities. 4. What indicators are used to justify: the creation of special crop rotations on the farm; introducing instead of one field crop rotation two crop rotations with differentiated placement of crops; introducing on-farm crop rotations? 5. By what indicators is the effectiveness of measures related to the use and protection of land assessed in working land management projects? 6. How can the energy approach be used to justify on-farm land management projects? 68 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Section 3 METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PERFORMING CONTROL WORK Performing individual control task is the result of the student’s independent work studying the discipline “Land Management Economics” during the intersessional period. This task is one of the ways to organize the student’s independent work to study the most important problems based on the socio-economic patterns of land management development, its importance in regulating land relations, managing land resources, organizing the rational use and protection of land. The student's test task consists of two parts: in the first part, he gives answers to a number of theoretical questions on the topics of the discipline; in the second part, the student is asked to solve the problem with a full explanation of the solution procedure. For the first part of the assignment, the student must prepare written answers to two questions (from various topics of the discipline) posed by the teacher during orientation classes. During the test interview, the student gives explanations on the materials presented to him, and must also be prepared to answer any question from the teacher on the topics of the discipline. The numbers of the theoretical part of the assignment are determined by the penultimate and last digits of the student’s grade book code (Table 2). The test completed by the student is submitted to the academy for verification and interview. 69 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency Table 2 – Determination of the numbers of the theoretical part of the assignment according to the student’s code Penultimate last digit of the code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Last digit of the code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1.34 11.24 17.32 31.3 21.13 11.21 21.31 9.22 19.32 12.25 2.33 12.23 18.31 30.4 20.14 12 .22 22.32 10.23 20.33 13.26 3.32 13.22 19.30 29.5 19.15 13.23 23.33 11.24 21.34 14.27 4.31 14.21 20.29 28.6 18.16 14.24 24.34 12.25 5.18 15.28 5.30 15.20 21.28 27.7 5.15 15.25 3.16 13.26 6, 19 16.29 6.29 16.19 22.27 26.8 6.16 16.26 4.17 14.27 7.20 17.30 7.28 17.34 23.26 25.9 7.17 17 .27 5.18 15.28 8.21 18.31 8.27 18.33 24.25 24.10 8.18 18.28 6.19 16.29 9.22 19.32 9.26 15.34 33.1 23.11 9.19 19.29 7.20 17.30 10.23 20.33 10.25 16.33 32.2 22.12 10.20 20.30 8.21 18.31 11, 24 21.34 List of questions for the theoretical part of the assignment 1. The economic essence of land management. 2. Land reforms and land management in Russia. 3. Subject, methods and objectives of the course “Economics of land management” 4. The objective nature of land management and its socio-economic content. 5. Economic laws and their impact on land management 6. Economic mechanism for regulating land relations. 7. Land management as an integral part of the country’s economic mechanism. 8. Land ownership and transformation. 9. Experience in carrying out and content of agrarian and land reforms abroad. 10. The importance of land management in a market economy. 70 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency 11. The essence, types and principles of assessing the economic efficiency of land management. 12. Criteria and indicators for assessing the national economic efficiency of land management. 13. Organization and planning of land management 14. Content and socio-economic nature of inter-farm land management. 15. Optimal sizes of land holdings (land uses) of agricultural enterprises. 16. Assessment of economic efficiency of production and competitiveness of a newly organized enterprise. 17. Assessment of the consequences of land seizure during the reorganization of agricultural enterprises. 18. Economic efficiency of eliminating shortcomings of land tenure and land use. 19. Economic justification for the provision of land for non-agricultural purposes. 20. Methodology for constructing a system of indicators for economic assessment of the effectiveness of on-farm land management projects. 21. Economic justification for on-farm land management projects. 22. Economic justification for the location of production units and business centers. 23. Economic justification for the placement of the main road network. 24. Economic assessment of agricultural development, transformation and improvement of land. 25. Methodology for environmental and economic substantiation of the organization of a crop rotation system. 26. Comparative assessment of options for arranging the territory of crop rotation. 27. Features of the economic justification and assessment of the effectiveness of the arrangement of the territory of perennial plantings and forage lands. 28. Assessment of the effectiveness of anti-erosion organization of the territory. 71 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency 29. Justification of land management projects in drainage and irrigation reclamation areas. 30. Standard solutions for organizing crop rotations. 31. Justification of land management decisions in working projects. 32. Types and stages of development of investment projects. 33. Development of investment projects in domestic practice. 34. Basic principles for assessing the effectiveness of investment projects List of numbers for the practical part of the assignment Table 3 - Determination of the numbers for the practical part of the assignment according to the student code Penultimate last digit of the code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Last digit of the code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1(1) 8(1) 6(1) 4(1) 2(1) 6(1) 8(1) 4(1) 8(4) 1(3) 1(2) 8(2) 6 (2) 4(2) 2(2) 6(2) 8(2) 4(2) 8(5) 1(4) 1(3) 8(3) 6(3) 4(3) 2(3 ) 6(3) 8(3) 4(3) 7(1) 1(5) 1(4) 8(4) 6(4) 4(4) 2(4) 6(4) 8(4) 4 (4) 7(2) 2(1) 1(5) 8(5) 6(5) 4(5) 2(5), 6(5) 8(5) 4(5) 7(3) 2( 2) 2(1) 7(1) 3(1) 5(1) 3(2) 7(1) 4(1) 5(1) 7(4) 6(1) 2(2) 7(2) 3(2) 5(2) 3(3) 7(2) 4(2) 5(2) 7(5) 6(2) 2(3) 7(3) 3(3) 5(3) 3( 4) 7(3) 4(3) 5(3) 2(4) 6(3) 2(4) 7(4) 3(4) 5(4) 3(5) 7(4) 4(4) 5(4) 2(5), 6(4) 2(5), 7(5) 3(5) 5(5) 3(1) 7(5) 4(5) 5(5) 3(2) 6(5) Note: variants of problems are indicated in parentheses. Problem 1. A plot of land with an area of α hectares is sold for development sports complex . The base rental rate is β rub. for 1 sq.m. in year. The tenant's type of activity coefficient is γ; the coefficient of commercial value of the location of the land plot is equal to δ. The required rate of return is κ 15%. Determine the cost of the land plot using the data in Table 4. Table 4 – Initial data for task 1 Indicator Land area (α), ha Base rental rate (β), rub. for 1 sq. m. Coefficient of the type of activity of the tenant (γ) Coefficient of the commercial value of the location of the land plot (δ) 1 Task option 2 3 4 5 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.9 14 16 18 22 15 2.5 2, 0 2.1 1.8 2.4 3 2 2.8 3.5 2.6 Task 2. Determine the efficiency of use of agricultural land before the implementation of the land management project and after its implementation using the initial data presented in Table 5. Task 3. Determine efficiency of use of agricultural land before the implementation of the land management project and after its implementation according to the initial data presented in Table 6. Task 4. Determine the efficiency of use of agricultural land before the implementation of the land management project and after its implementation according to the initial data presented in Table 7. Task 5. Determine efficiency of use of agricultural land before the implementation of the land management project and after its implementation according to the initial data presented in Table 8. Task 6. Calculate indicators of the absolute efficiency of capital investments in modernization according to the initial data presented in Table 9. 73 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Task 7. Calculate indicators of the absolute efficiency of capital investments in the project of reconstruction and expansion of production according to the initial data presented in table 10. Task 8. Calculate indicators of the absolute efficiency of capital investments in new construction according to the initial data presented in the table 11. Guidelines for solving problems The economic efficiency of using land in agriculture is determined by a system of indicators: a) natural: - produced per 100 hectares of arable land, centners of: grain, sugar beets, sunflowers, live weight gain of pigs; - produced on 100 hectares of agriculture. land, c: milk, live weight gain of cattle; - produced per 100 hectares of grain crops, centners: increase in live weight of poultry, eggs. b) cost indicators: - yield of gross and marketable products, gross income, net income and profit per unit of area (land yield), - land intensity - an indicator inverse to land yield, characterizes how much land area is needed to produce a unit of output or receive 1 ruble. arrived; c) indirect indicators characterizing the intensity of use of the land fund: - the degree of land development is determined by the specific gravity of the area of agricultural land from the entire land fund of the economy, - the degree of arable land is determined as the ratio of the area of arable land to the area of agricultural land, expressed as a percentage, - the specific gravity of crops in the area of arable land, - the specific gravity of pure fallow in the area of arable land. In domestic practice, four indicators are traditionally used to calculate the efficiency of capital-forming investments. 74 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency 1. Comparative efficiency with a limited number of capital investment options (Ec): where C2 and C1 are current costs (cost) for the first and second options; K2 and K1 – capital investments according to the second and first options. 2. Reduced costs (3pr): Zpr = Ci + ENKi, where Ci – current costs (cost) for the i-th option; Ki – capital investments according to the i-th option; EN – standard coefficient of efficiency of capital investments. The option with the minimum value of the reduced costs is selected. 3. Payback period of capital investments (Current): , where K – capital investments; C1 and C2 – production cost before and after capital investments. 4. Overall economic efficiency of capital investments (EOBC): , where P – annual profit; K – capital investments. To compare values at different times, discounting is used (bringing them to the value of the present moment in time). To bring it to the initial point in time, the discount factor (αi) is used, defined as the reciprocal of the interest accrual: 1, i t 1 E where E is the discount rate; t – calculation step number (t = 0; 1; 2; ...T); T – calculation horizon. 75 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency To compare various investment projects and select the most effective one, a set of indicators is used, which includes the following. Net present value (NPV). It is defined as the difference between the results of investments and the costs incurred in the investment process, reduced to the initial calculation step: T NPV Rt Зt t 0 αt T Кt αt , t 0 where Rt are the results achieved at the t-th calculation step; 3t – costs incurred at the t-th calculation step; Кt – capital investments at the t-th step of calculation; αi – discount factor; T – full calculation period. If E changes over the calculation steps, then α 1. 1 E1 1 E 2 ... 1 E t A positive value of net present value (NPV > 0) shows that this project option with the chosen discount rate is profitable, that is, the investor will receive a rate of return higher than the calculated discount rate. Profitability index (PI). Profitability index as opposed to net present value – relative value and therefore shows real results when evaluating projects that are independent from each other. It allows you to compare projects that differ in costs and revenue streams. At the same time, the calculation of the profitability index is closely linked to the calculation of the NPV and is based on measuring the sum of the reduced effects to the amount of capital investment: T T ID R t Зt α t / К tα t . t 0 t 0 If ID › 1, then the project is effective. If ID ‹ 1, then the project is considered ineffective. 76 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency Internal rate of return (IRR). In some cases, the determination of GNI precedes investment calculations. This is determined by the fact that it identifies the boundary separating all profitable investment projects from unprofitable ones. It is calculated when the investor knows the real value of the discount rate. By calculation, the interest rate of the internal rate of return is determined, at which the value of the given results will be equal to the given capital investments, i.e. t T T R t Зt К t / 1 E ВН 0, t 0 t 0 where ЕВН is the internal rate of return. If the internal rate of return is greater than the investor's required rate of return on capital, the investment will be profitable; if it is less, it will be unprofitable. Thus, at the initial stages of calculation, it is possible to separate effective project proposals from unprofitable ones and, in the process of further calculations, choose the most acceptable option for the investor. Payback period (Current). The payback period indicator reflects the period of time during which the sum of the net results discounted at the time of completion of the investment will be equal to the amount of financial resources invested in the project. Thus, the payback period of an investment project is determined by the formula: Tok Rt Зt α t Кt, t 0 where Tok is the payback period of the investment project; Кt – total investments in the project. 77 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency Table 5 - Initial data for task 2 Indicators 1 Total land area, hectares Area of farmland, hectares incl. arable land area Produced, tons: sugar beet grain milk Before the land management project Option 2 3 4 5 After the land management project Option 1 2 3 4 5 3500 3250 3800 4200 2700 3500 3250 3800 4200 2700 2630 2710 2735 3680 1350 2 850 2850 2735 3820 2380 2010 2100 2150 2800 1290 2320 2410 2400 2910 1960 1470 6200 976 1735 5120 879 1658 4630 953 1832 5620 890 950 3650 783 1820 7450 1250 1810 6200 1180 1865 5915 1168 1980 5814 968 1350 4500 890 78 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book Agency -Service" Table 6 - Initial data for task 3 Indicator 1 Total land area, hectares Area of farmland, hectares incl. arable area area sown with grain crops Produced, t: sunflower grains live weight gain of pigs live weight gain of poultry live weight gain of sheep Before the land management project Option 2 3 4 5 After the land management project Option 1 2 3 4 5 3185 2900 3200 4200 3208 3185 2900 3200 4200 3208 2900 2730 2850 3880 2680 3100 2810 2930 3950 2860 1850 1650 2680 3650 1990 2000 2010 2800 3780 2100 620 560 650 710 61 0 700 680 810 850 920 105 1430 108 1550 115 1560 210 1680 106 1530 152 1640 148 1654 154 1750 225 1790 129 1684 98 95 102 88 105 159 125 135 120 165 56 54 60 65 98 88 78 68 80 110 60 56 70 69 79 65 68 75 73 85 79 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC A Agency Book-Service" Table 7 - Initial data for task 4 Indicator 1 Total land area, hectares Area of farmland, hectares incl. arable land area Produced, tons: sunflower grains live weight gain of pigs Before the land management project Assignment option 2 3 4 5 After the land management project Assignment option 1 2 3 4 5 3800 3750 3500 4500 3650 3800 3750 3500 4500 3650 3250 3420 3330 389 0 3320 3400 3510 3410 4100 3450 2980 2920 2680 3350 3200 3100 3111 2850 3600 3350 1250 1620 1640 987 1450 1200 1600 1890 1365 1630 1340 1850 1750 1352 1650 1450 1690 1980 1587 1390 256 310 210 185 146 289 325 230 258 168 80 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Table 8 - Initial data for task 5 Indicator Total land area, thousand hectares Area of farmland, thousand hectares incl. arable land area Cost of gross output, million rubles. Production costs, million rubles. Net income, million rubles. Profit from sales of products, million rubles. Before the land management project Assignment option 1 2 3 4 5 4.20 4.35 4.15 4.56 4.38 After the land management project Assignment option 1 2 3 4 5 4.2 4.35 4.15 4.56 4.38 3.50 3.80 3.68 3.95 3.92 3.8 3.98 3.85 4.20 4.10 3.25 3.40 3.45 3.78 2.88 3.5 3, 51 3.58 3.82 3.56 75.2 79.6 76.2 78.5 77.52 180.3 178.6 78.3 79.3 78.30 25.1 28.6 26.12 26 .80 24.56 60.8 67.8 24.3 28.3 25.65 40.0 41.8 45.5 44.3 56.13 42.1 98.3 70.8 56.6 58.18 81 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency Table 9 – Initial data for task 6 Indicator 1 Number of cows for the project period, heads. Costs for reconstruction and construction (including the cost of machinery and equipment), million rubles. Average annual milk yield per cow, kg Sales price of 1 quintal of milk, rub. Total production costs, million rubles. For the year of land management Task option 2 3 4 5 1 For the modernization project Task option 2 3 4 5 400 430 460 500 510 400 430 460 500 510 - - - - - 7.82 6.35 6.89 8.10 7.89 4000 4120 3850 4500 4250 4000 4120 3850 4500 4250 620 652 615 700 685 620 652 615 700 685 3.89 3.58 3.15 4.85 4.56 3.11 3.15 2.8 5 4.18 4.05 82 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency Table 10 – Initial data for task 7 Indicator 1,400 Number of cows for the project period, heads. Costs for reconstruction and construction (including the cost of machinery and equipment), million rubles. Average annual milk yield per cow 4000, kg Selling price 660 1 c of milk, rub. Total 9.32 production costs, million rubles. For the year of land management Task option 2 3 4 420 415 410 5 435 - - - - 4100 4250 4318 4200 For the modernization project Task option 1 2 3 4 5 450 470 468 460 480 6.81 4000 7.05 4100 6.55 4250 6 , 15 4318 7.15 4200 658 670 656 685 660 658 670 656 685 9.56 9.25 9.18 9.88 9.76 9.62 9.84 9.68 10.05 83 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & Kniga-Service Agency LLC Table 11 – Initial data for task 8 Indicator 1 Number of cows for the project period, heads. Costs for reconstruction and construction (including the cost of machinery and equipment), million rubles. Costs for forming a herd, million rubles. Total one-time costs, million rubles. Average annual milk yield per cow, kg Sales price of 1 quintal of milk, rub. Total production costs, million rubles. For the year of land management Task option 2 3 4 5 For the modernization project Task option 1 2 3 4 5 400 420 415 420 405 600 620 615 625 622 - - - - - 6.56 6.88 6.75 6.58 6.28 - - - - - 3 3.2 3.5 3.85 2.98 - - - - - 4150 4250 4000 4100 4200 4000 710 10.04 4100 715 10.55 4200 4150 708 720 708 710 715 708 10.25 10, 18 10.26 14.16 14.65 14.68 15.01 84 720 4250 708 14.85 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency LIST of recommended literature for the test 1. Volkov, S .N. Land management: textbook. manual: in 9 volumes / S. N. Volkov. – M.: Kolos, 2001-2009. T.5. Economics of land management. – M.: Kolos, 2001. – 452 p. 2. Volkov, S.N. The concept of modern land management. (Theoretical and methodological foundations of land management in the conditions of transition to new land relations) / S. N. Volkov. − M., 2000. – 459 p. 3. Pimenov, V.V. Economics of land management: workshop / V.V. Pimenov; edited by S.N. Volkova; State University of Land Management. – M., 2007. – 112 p. 4. Stroev, E.S. Land issue in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century (problems and solutions) / E.S. Stroev, S.N. Volkov. − M.: GUZ, 2001. − 55 p. 5. Terzova, G.V. Economics of land management: guidelines / G.V. Terzova. – Penza: RIO PGSHA, 2014. – 101 p. Legislative and normative literature 1. Russian Federation. Constitution (1993). Constitution of the Russian Federation: official. text. – M.: Marketing, 2001. 2. Russian Federation. The president. Directions, main activities and parameters of the priority national project “Development of the agro-industrial complex”: approved by the presidium of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the implementation of priority national projects. [Electronic resource] URL: http://www.rost.ru/agriculture_doc_1.doc. 3. Russian Federation. Land Code of the Russian Federation: official. text: [adopted by State. Duma 28 Sep. 2001: approved Federation Council 10 Oct. 2001]. – M.: Prospekt, KnoRus, 2010. – 96 p. 4. Russian Federation. Laws. About land management: federal. law: [adopted by the State. Duma May 24, 2001: approved. Federation Council June 6, 2001]. – M.: Gross Media, 2004. – p. 90. 5. Russian Federation. Laws. On the development of agriculture: federal. Law: [adopted December 29, 2006]. – M.: Ros. gas. – 2007. – January 11. 6. Russian Federation. Laws. On the turnover of agricultural land: federal. law: [adopted by the State. Duma 85 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency June 26, 2002: approved. Federation Council July 10, 2002]. – M.: GressMedia, 2004. – p. 72. 7. Russian Federation. Laws. About investment activities in the Russian Federation, carried out in the form of capital investments. − M.: Os-89, 1999. − 16 p. 8. Russian Federation. Government. On the federal target program “Preservation and restoration of soil fertility of agricultural lands and agricultural landscapes as the national heritage of Russia for 2006 - 2010 and for the period until 2012”: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 4, 2007. No. 345. [Electronic resource] URL: http://www.mcx.ru/documents/document/show/9226.172.htm. 9. Russian Federation. Government. Regulations on the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 12, 2008 No. 450 // Ros. gas. – 2008. – June 15. 10. Methodological recommendations for assessing the effectiveness of investment projects and their selection for financing /second edition/: Official publication. Approved by: Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, State Committee of the Russian Federation for Construction, Architectural and Housing Policy No. VK 477 dated June 21, 1999 - M.: Economics, 2000. - 421 p. Databases, information, reference and search systems www.mcx.ru, www.economy.gov.ru, www.kadastr.ru, www.mgi.ru, www.msh.mosreg.ru, www.roscadastre.ru 1. www.mcx.ru/ Official website of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation 2. www.economy.gov.ru/ Official website of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation 3. www.kadastr.ru/ Official website of the Federal Real Estate Cadastre Agency of the Russian Federation 86 Copyright JSC "CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" 4. www.mgi.ru/ Official website of the Federal Agency for State Property Management of the Russian Federation 5. www.msh.mosreg.ru/ Official website of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Moscow Region 6. www.roscadastre.ru/ Official website of the non-profit partnership “Cadastral Engineers” 87 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Kniga-Service Agency CONTENTS Introduction…………………………………………………………… …………………… Section 1 General methodological recommendations for studying the discipline………………………………………………………………. Section 2 Contents of discipline topics and questions for testing knowledge………………………………………………………. Topic 1 Economics of land management as a science…………………………. Topic 2 Land management in the system of social production …………………………………………………………….. Topic 3 Basic questions of the theory of economic efficiency of land management………………………… ……………… Topic 4 Assessing the effectiveness of investment programs and projects to improve the use and development of land……………… Topic 5 Economics of inter-farm land management……………… Topic 6 Economics of education of agricultural organizations and peasant farms……… …………………………. .. Topic 7 Economic justification for eliminating disadvantages of land use (land tenure) and provision of land for non-agricultural purposes…………………………………………. Topic 8 Fundamentals of economic justification for land management decisions in on-farm land management projects………… Topic 9 Comprehensive assessment of the economic efficiency of an on-farm land management project…………………………….. Topic 10 Economic justification for the placement of production units, economic centers…… ………………………….. Topic 11 Economic justification for the placement of main on-farm roads…………………...................... ................... Topic 12 economic assessment of agricultural development, transformation and improvement of land…………………………………… Topic 13 Methodology of environmental-economic justification for organizing a crop rotation system for farms………………………………………… Topic 14 Comparative assessment of options for arranging the territory of crop rotation, perennial plantings and forage lands…………. Topic 15 Features of economic justification and assessment of the effectiveness of land management solutions in various natural zones………………………………………………………………………………. Section 3 Guidelines for completing the test List of recommended literature for completing the test……………………………………………………………….. Contents………… …………………………….................. 88 3 8 11 11 15 21 25 29 34 41 46 49 52 54 57 60 63 66 69 85 88 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency Galina Vasilievna Terzova ECONOMICS OF LAND MANAGEMENT Methodological instructions for studying the discipline and assignments for testing for students of the correspondence department of the Faculty of Agronomy direction of training 03.21.02 - Land management and cadastres, training profile - Land management (qualification (degree) "bachelor") Computer layout G.V. Terzovoy ______________________________________________________________ Put into production Format 60×84 1/16 Writing paper Cond. oven l. Circulation Order No. __________________________________________________________ RIO PGSHA 440014, Penza, st. Botanicheskaya, 30 89
Barsukova G. N.
Economics of land management: workbook / G. N. Barsukova, D. K. Derevenets,
L. A. Mironenko. – Krasnodar: KubGAU, 2017. – 44 p.
The workbook contains a task for performing calculation-graphic (control) work, the order of execution and calculation tables are given.
Designed for students of the training direction 03/21/02 “Land management and cadastres”.
Reviewed and approved by the methodological commission of the land management faculty of the Kuban State Agrarian University, protocol No. 9 of May 29, 2017.
Chairman
methodological commission S. K. Pshidatok
© Barsukova G. N.,
Villager D.K.,
Mironenko L. A., 2017
© Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kubansky"
state
agricultural university
named after I. T. Trubilin", 2017
Correction sheet
Area – 15.4* ha
Note: * add your number to the list.
Productivity, c/ha:
Winter wheat – 61.5, green mass: bush pasture – 15;
improved pasture – 30.
Cost of 1 ct, rub.:
Winter wheat – 872.5, oats – 727.7
Cost of 1 ct, rub.:
Winter wheat – 510.2, oats – 500
The coefficient of conversion of green mass into feed units is 0.16
Payback period for capital investments:
BH = SVP – PZ, (1)
where NH is net income, thousand rubles;
SVP – cost of gross output, thousand rubles;
PP – production costs, thousand rubles.
T = KV / ∆BH, (2)
where KV – capital investments, thousand rubles;
∆BH – increase in net income, thousand rubles.
Efficiency of capital investments:
Eq = ∆BH / KV = 1 / T, (3)
upon mastering:
∆BH = BH2 – BH1 = __________________________________________________________
T = 450.3* / ∆BH (+ 2 years) = _____________________________________________ years
upon improvement:
∆BH = BH4 – BH3 = __________________________________________________________
T = 210.1* / ∆BH = _________________________________________________________ years
Eq = ______________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
TASK No. 2
Calculate key environmental indicators.
Table 2 – Land areas
Table 3 – Calculation of the environmental stability coefficient
| Type of land | To eq. Art. | Area, ha | K1i x Pi | ||
| before land development | according to the project | before land development | according to the project | ||
| Roads | 0,01 | ||||
| The buildings | 0,01 | ||||
| Arable land | 0,14 | ||||
| Perennial plantings | 0,43 | ||||
| Forest stripes | 0,38 | ||||
| Haymaking | 0,62 | ||||
| pastures | 0,68 | ||||
| Underwater, swamps | 0,79 | ||||
| Natural forests | 1,0 | ||||
| Microreserves | 1,0 | ||||
| Others | 1,0 | ||||
| Total | – |
Coefficients of ecological stability of the main types of land:
0.14 – arable land;
0,29 – perennial plantings;
0.62 – haymaking;
0.68 – pasture;
0.79 – swamp;
1.00 – forest;
0.38 – forest belts;
0.10 – roads;
0.10 – public buildings.
The coefficient of ecological stability of the territory is calculated using the formula:
To Ec.St. = (åК 1 i ×Р i / åP i) × K p , (8)
where: K 1 i – coefficient of ecological stability of land of the i-th type;
P – area of land of the i-th type;
Кр – coefficient of morphological stability of the relief (Кр = 1.0 – for stable territories and Кр = 0.7 – for unstable territories).
If the obtained value of K EcSt is less than 0.33, then the territory is environmentally unstable; if it changes from 0.34 to 0.50, then it is classified as unstable; if it is in the range from 0.51 to 0.66, then it goes into the gradation of medium stability; if it exceeds 0.67, then the territory is environmentally stable.
To eq.st at the time of land management = _____________________________________________
To ext for the project =____________________________________________________________
Conclusion: ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
TASK No. 3
Perform an assessment of land according to the degree of anthropogenic load of JSC Sokol in Krasnodar.
Table 5 – Land area
Table 6 – Land assessment according to the degree of anthropogenic load
K an = åР B i / åР, (9)
where P is the area of land with the corresponding level of anthropogenic load, ha;
B i – score corresponding to an area with a certain level of anthropogenic load (measured using a 5-point system).
PhD (before salary)=________________________________________________________________
PhD (by project)=___________________________________________________________
TASK No. 4
Calculate the economic efficiency of crop rotations.
Table 7 – Alternation of crops in field crop rotations
| Field crop rotation No. 1 | Field crop rotation No. 2 | |
| total area– 1000* ha | Total area – 1000* ha | |
| Average field size – 83 hectares | Average field size – 100 ha | |
| 1. Alfalfa – 83 hectares | 1. Alfalfa – 100 ha | |
| 2. Alfalfa – 83 hectares | 2. Alfalfa – 100 ha | |
| 3. Winter wheat – 84 ha | 3. Winter wheat – 100 ha | |
| 4. Winter wheat – 84 ha | 4. Winter wheat – 100 ha | |
| 5. Corn for grain – 83 hectares | 5. Sunflower – 100 hectares | |
| 6. Winter wheat – 84 ha | 6. Winter wheat – 100 ha | |
| 7. Sugar beet – 83 hectares | 7. Peas (50 ha) + + corn for silage (50 ha) – 100 ha | |
| 8. Peas (40 ha) + + corn for silage (44 ha) – 84 ha | ||
| 8. Winter wheat – 100 ha | ||
| 9. Winter wheat – 83 ha | 9. Corn for grain – 100 ha | |
| 10. Winter barley – 83 ha | 10. Winter wheat – 100 ha + alfalfa reseeding | |
| 11. Sunflower – 83 hectares | ||
| 12. Spring barley – 83 ha + sowing of alfalfa | ||
| Note: * add your number to the list. And recalculate the area of each field |
Feed required:
1. Perennial grasses, peas and corn for silage – 100%
2. Winter grains – 7%
3. Corn for grain – 9%
4. Sugar beets and sunflowers are not used as feed
The calculation was made using the following formulas:
VP = S ∙ Productivity, (10)
TP = VP total – VP for feed, (11)
STP = Tsr ∙ TP (12)
Full selfest. = Sebest. 1 c ∙ VP total (13)
BH = STP – Full. selfest. (14)
Lv. = BH / Full selfest. ∙ 100% (15)
Conclusion: ______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
TASK No. 5
Compare options based on the present costs.
Levelized costs = CV ∙ En+Ss
where Сс – cost, rub.;
KV – capital investments, rub.;
En is the standard efficiency coefficient of CV (min acceptable return on each ruble of investment).
Let’s assume that an enterprise needs to choose two options to develop livestock farming:
1) construction of a new farm;
2) reconstruction of the old farm (Table 19).
Based on the minimum allowable return of 20 kopecks. (0.20 rub.) from 1 rub. investments, you can calculate the corresponding amounts of reduced costs. The most effective option is one in which the given project costs are minimal.
Table 19 – Initial data
Table 20 – Calculation of reduced costs by options
Conclusion: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
TASK No. 6
Calculation of land tax and rent using the example of the Dinskoy District Municipal District.
The area for industrial facilities is 34.5* hectares, multi-storey residential buildings – 605* hectares, individual housing construction – 725* hectares.
Note: * add your number to the list
According to the order of the Department of Property Relations of the Krasnodar Territory dated December 14, 2016 No. 2640 “On approval of the results of the state cadastral valuation lands of settlements in the territory of the Krasnodar Territory" the average specific indicator of the cadastral value for individual housing construction is 489.42 rub./m 2, for houses of high-rise residential buildings 2127.84 rub./m 2, and the average The specific indicator of cadastral value for industrial land is 360 .65 rub./m2.
Tax rates as a percentage of the cadastral value are established by tax levies, credited to the budgets of municipalities located in the Krasnodar Territory, Council of the Dinsky rural settlement of the Dinsky district dated November 28, 2013 No. 283-48/2 for individual housing construction 0.1% of cadastral value, for land plots under multi-storey residential buildings 0.1% of the cadastral value, industrial land 1.5% of the cadastral value.
Rent rates as a percentage of the cadastral value are established by the Decision of the Council of the Municipal Formation Dinskoy District of the Krasnodar Territory dated April 27, 2011 No. 230-16/2 “On the Rules for determining the amount of rent, as well as the procedure, conditions and terms for paying rent for land, located in municipal ownership of the Dinskaya district municipality" for land plots under multi-storey residential buildings 0.3%, industrial land 1.5%.
Table 21 – Calculation of land tax and rent
TASK No. 7
Determine the area protected by forest belts when the tree height is 13 m.
Figure 1 – Work area diagram
Solution: _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion: __________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
TASK No. 8
Determine the direction of cultivation of the working area of soil-protective crop rotation. Assess the location of the soil-protective crop rotation working area along the topography.
Figure 2 – Work area diagram
Solution: ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion: ___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
TASK No. 9
Perform an assessment of the location of the field crop rotation working area according to configuration. Show the direction of processing the work area. Determine the losses due to idle turns and runs.
Figure 3 – Work area diagram
Solution: _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion: ___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
TASKS
Problem 1
For 150 hectares of soil-protective crop rotation, plowing with deepening is provided, which provides an increase in grain yield of 1.8 kg per 1 hectare and prevention of soil loss of 3.2 tons per 1 hectare.
Determine additional products and additional net income due to this agrotechnical measure, as well as prevented soil washout, if the additional costs for the production of 1 quintal of additional products are 100 rubles.
The selling price of 1 centner of grain is 949.9 rubles, the yield is 52.8 centners/ha.
Solution: __________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Problem 2
The establishment of water-regulating forest strips and the creation of flow-regulating shafts ensures an increase in winter wheat yield of 5.5 centners per 1 hectare and the prevention of soil loss of 34 tons per 1 hectare.
Determine the additional production and additional net income due to these anti-erosion measures, as well as the prevented soil loss on a soil-protective crop rotation with an area of 250 hectares, if the additional costs for the production of 1 quintal of additional products are 100 rubles.
Solution: ___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Problem 3
Determine the payback period for capital investments in the development of a plot of other land with an area of 50 hectares in arable land (winter wheat), if the amount of capital investments in transformation is 1000 thousand rubles.
The selling price of 1 centner of winter wheat is 872.5 rubles, production costs for the production of 1 centner of products are 510.2 rubles, the yield is 61.5 centners/ha.
Solution: ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Problem 4
Justify the choice of the most effective option for organizing and constructing the garden area in terms of production profitability and net income, if in the first option the cost of gross output is 4500 thousand rubles, production costs are 2300 thousand rubles. and in the second, the cost of gross output is 6,380 thousand rubles, production costs are 3,150 thousand rubles.
Solution: __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Problem 5
Determine the payback period for capital investments in the establishment of field shelterbelts, if the area protected by the designed forest belts is 600 hectares, the capital investments in the establishment of forest belts is 2,500 thousand rubles, the increase in production (winter wheat) from 1 hectare of protected area is 5.0 ts, if the additional costs for the production of 1 ts of additional products are 100 rubles.
The selling price of 1 c of winter wheat is 872.5 rubles, the yield is 61.5 c/ha.
Solution: __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix A
Table A1 – Productivity, selling price and cost of agricultural production
products, 2018
| Culture | Productivity, c/ha | Sales price, rub. for 1 c. | Cost, rub. for 1 c. |
| Grain including corn | 52,8 | 949,9 | 550,7 |
| Winter wheat | 61,5 | 872,5 | 510,2 |
| Winter barley | 60,2 | 733,5 | 480,7 |
| Spring barley | 28,7 | 527,6 | |
| Oats | 27,2 | 727,7 | |
| Peas for grain | 21,1 | 1251,5 | 883,4 |
| Rice | 66,1 | 1390,5 | 950,8 |
| Corn for grain | 33,9 | 740,2 | 490,7 |
| Corn for silage | 171,3 | – | – |
| Sugar beet | 385,6 | 154,4 | |
| Sunflower | 22,7 | 1937,9 | 1060,6 |
| Soybeans | 14,7 | 1737,8 | |
| Vegetables | 118,5 | 710,2 | |
| Potato | 122,1 | 1095,2 | |
| Winter rapeseed | 26,5 | 1149,6 | 946,7 |
| Perennial grasses for hay | 36,1 | 236,6 | |
| Sainfoin | 16,1 | 334,7 | |
| Clover |
Task No. 1…………………………………………………………………………………………4
TASK No. 2. 6
TASK No. 3. 8
TASK No. 4. 9
TASK No. 5. 13
TASK No. 6. 14
TASK No. 7. 15
TASK No. 8. 17
TASK No. 9. 18
TASKS.. 19
Appendix A... 21
Educational edition
Barsukova Galina Nikolaevna,
Villager Diana Konstantinovna,
Mironenko Leonty Alexandrovich
Economics of land development
Signed for publication on __.__.2017. Format 60 × 84 1/8.
Conditional oven l. – 5.1. Academic ed. l. – 3.0.
Circulation 100 copies. Order No.
Printing house of the Kuban State
Agrarian University.
350044, Krasnodar, st. Kalinina, 13
