Ways and methods of energy saving in the housing and communal services sector. Possible ways to solve problems of housing and communal services enterprises in conditions of insufficient budget funding. Tariff setting as a system error

In accordance with the Federal Law of November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency and on introducing amendments to certain legislative acts Russian Federation“owners of premises are obliged, at their own expense, to carry out measures to save energy and improve energy efficiency in relation to common property in apartment building. An example of an experimental, safe house in Khabarovsk proves the possibility of increasing the energy efficiency of multi-storey residential buildings.

In accordance with Federal Law dated November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ “On energy saving and about promotion energy efficiency and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 261-FZ) owners of premises are obliged to carry out measures at their own expense to energy saving and increase energy efficiency in relation to common property in an apartment building. An example of an experimental safe house in Khabarovsk (so far the only one in Russia) proves the possibility of increasing energy efficiency multi-storey residential buildings.

Saving energy resources is impossible without taking into account their consumption, in connection with this important and integral measure to increase energy efficiency apartment building(MCD) is the installation of communal and individual meters for water, gas, electricity, and heat. At the same time, metering devices themselves do not save anything - they only allow you to see the real (actual) picture of energy consumption and take appropriate measures to reduce it.

• owners of premises in apartment buildings save on payments for utilities; savings for various types of resources range from 10 to 30%;

• resource supply organizations reduce the costs of energy generation and transmission by reducing losses for their own needs and losses in networks during energy transmission; at the same time, modes are improved, and the quality of supplied resources also increases;

• Management organizations, with proper interaction with the owners of premises in apartment buildings, receive significant profits, the size of which depends on various factors.

It is most appropriate from the point of view of obtaining the maximum effect, i.e. maximum savings in consumed energy resources, simultaneously installing common house and individual energy metering devices. In this case, each of the owners of premises in an apartment building sees the real picture of their own energy consumption and makes their own decisions about saving energy resources. This gives the greatest psychological effect, just like signs like “When leaving, turn off the light” or “When leaving, turn off the water.” During Soviet times, such signs posted in entrances made it possible to reduce up to 5% of the energy resources consumed by apartment buildings.

When installing energy metering devices, the management organization collects fees from the owners of premises in apartment buildings for their consumption according to the readings of individual metering devices, and it itself pays the energy supplier according to the readings of common building metering devices. At the same time, the amount of consumed energy resources, calculated according to the readings of individual heat meters, almost never coincides with the amount of consumed resources according to the readings of common house meters.

To strike a balance, many additional factors must be taken into account:

• unaccounted for general house expenses;

• error of metering devices;

• non-synchronization of readings from instruments, etc.

Balancing is a rather complex and cumbersome task, but it can be easily solved if you use an automated system for collecting data from individual metering devices, “tied” to a common house metering device. Thus, in Khabarovsk, the LERS-UCHET system is used, which is included in the State Register of Measuring Instruments of the Russian Federation. The greatest monetary effect comes from installing a common house heat meter in an apartment building. Table 1 shows an approximate calculation of the cost of installing a common building heat meter in 60-, 80-, 120- and 200-apartment buildings residential buildings Khabarovsk.

The presence of a common house heat meter is very beneficial for the management organization, but only if it is properly operated, which is ensured by concluding a service agreement with a specialized organization that has a license to repair measuring instruments.

In accordance with Federal Law No. 261-FZ, homeowners, at their own expense, must install a common house heat meter. Moreover, payment for the implementation and operation of a common house heat meter can be made both with and without the attraction of funds energy-saving organization (ESO) or MA. Payment in installments is also possible. The following are various payment options for a common house heat meter:

• without attracting ESO funds;

• at the expense of homeowners:

– one-time payment with operation until the end of the year (two months);

– with installments for three years;

– with installments for five years;

• at the expense of the MA:

– one-time payment with operation until the end of the year (two months):

– with installments for three years.

– with installments for five years;

• with the assistance of ESO funds:

– at the expense of homeowners;

– with installments for three years;

– with installments for five years;

• at the expense of the MA:

– with installments for three years;

– with installments for five years.

Table 2 shows two options for calculating a common house heat meter:

• installation at the expense of homeowners without attracting funds from the management authority, but with the involvement of funds from the ESO;

• installation at the expense of the owner’s own funds without attracting additional funds from homeowners and with or without the involvement of ESO funds.

In both options, homeowners pay the building authority for heat according to the standards. The fee is calculated with the ESO according to the readings of the common house appliance. In addition, in the first option, residents additionally pay for services for the implementation and operation of a common house heat meter. This service is included in the receipt for payment for utility bills as a separate line and is sent to the MA. As can be seen from the table, the amount of additional payment depends on the number of apartments in the apartment building and the installment payment period, but not more than 230 rubles/month. Table data 2 indicate that the amount of additional payment is in the range of 90–230 rubles/month.

In the second option, homeowners do not spend additional funds on the installation and maintenance of a common house heat meter. They pay for heat supply services according to the UO standard, while recalculation is not made based on the readings of the common house heat meter (13th receipt). The management company agrees on this with the homeowners, and this provision in the form of an additional agreement is included in the management agreement for the apartment building. After the expiration of the payment period for the installation and maintenance of a common house heat meter, homeowners pay the building owner not according to standards, but according to the readings of the common house heat meter, which will allow them to save 20% of payments for heat or more with proper operation of the heat supply system and the common house heat meter.

From the table 2 shows that the least profitable for homeowners and the most profitable for the management company is the first option. With an installment plan of five years, residents will additionally pay the management authority over five years from 5.5 thousand to 13.5 thousand rubles. from an apartment, depending on the number of apartments in the building, and the management company will receive a net profit in the amount of 900 thousand to 270 thousand rubles over five years.

However, with the second option, residents will not spend additional funds for five years and will receive a communal heat meter for free. At the same time, the net profit of the management company will be from 500 thousand to 2.15 million rubles. – if she uses own funds for installation and maintenance of the device, or from 100 thousand to 1.6 million rubles. – if it attracts ESO funds.

The most “affected” party in all options is the ESO, since it incurs losses over five years in the amount of 900 thousand to 2.7 million rubles. for one MKD. However, in this case, its own costs for pumping coolant are reduced, the diameters of heat supply pipelines and heat losses in networks are reduced, the hydraulic regime of heating networks is stabilized, recharge is reduced, etc.

From the foregoing it follows that the presence of a common house heat meter is very beneficial for the management company, but only with its proper operation, which is possible by concluding a service agreement with a specialized organization that has a license to repair the measuring instruments included in the heat meter. Unqualified service is fraught with negative consequences, as a result of which the company may lose all its profits.

After installing a common house heat meter, you can implement measures to reduce energy consumption, which will further increase the profit of the management company. The list of these events is given earlier.

First of all, it is necessary to implement low-cost measures, which, with investments of up to 100 thousand rubles. give maximum effect, namely:

• replacement of outdated shut-off and control valves with modern ball valves;

• flushing and adjustment of heat supply systems;

• installation of flow and temperature regulators in the hot and cold water supply system;

• installation of heat-reflecting screens behind heating devices;

• installation of thermostatic valves on heating radiators;

• thermal insulation of pipelines of heat supply systems;

• insulation of basements from the inside;

• replacing incandescent lamps with energy efficient etc.

This allows you to reduce the heat consumption of a home by 5–10% and at a cost of 10 thousand to 100 thousand rubles. receive additional profit in the amount of 40 thousand. up to 250 thousand rubles. in year. These measures pay for themselves within one to two months.

An example is the Garant HOA in Khabarovsk, which in 2008 installed communal heat meters on ten ten-story buildings. At the same time, in seven of them, heat savings amounted to about 30%, and in three – 20%. After carrying out additional work on these three houses (replacing nozzles, adjusting heat supply systems, etc.), the savings amounted to +30%, and the costs ranged from 20 thousand to 60 thousand rubles. on house.

The next stage is medium-cost measures (100–500 thousand rubles), which can reduce heat consumption by 10–15% and pay off within 3–5 years:

• installation of communal energy metering devices;

• replacing windows with plastic or wooden ones with multi-chamber double-glazed windows;

• replacement and sealing of door jambs, door sealing;

• installation of additional entrance vestibules;

• thermal insulation of attic floors;

• thermal insulation of flat roofs;

• thermal insulation of basements from the inside;

• usage energy efficient gas stoves with ceramic IR emitters.

Large-scale measures not only save heat, but also create comfortable conditions for residents.

High-cost events require an investment of over 500 thousand rubles:

• installation of automated individual heating points (IHP) with weather regulation;

• the use of heat pumps for heating and hot water supply (DHW) using the heat of the Earth;

• the use of solar collectors for domestic hot water needs during the inter-heating period;

• thermal insulation of external walls with heat-protective plasters or additional insulation;

• use of an automated mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation system with heat recovery;

• additional heating using a heat pump that operates by recovering heat from wastewater and return network water.

These measures not only save heat, but also create comfortable conditions for residents. For example, installing an AITP with weather control and with the simultaneous installation of radiator thermostats in an apartment allows you to abandon the “window” temperature control in the apartment and create comfortable living conditions in it. If there are individual heat meters in the apartment, then the tenant of this apartment can create comfortable conditions for himself depending on his wallet: the higher the temperature in the apartment, the more he pays, and vice versa. So, if there is no one in the apartment, then you can set the temperature to 10–12 0 C, and when tenants appear, increase it to 20–25 0 C. Note that the introduction of AITP is a rather expensive undertaking (from 1–3 million rubles), and its payback period is 5–10 years.

The next stage is high-cost (“exotic”) measures, which to date have not found widespread use in Russia:

• use of solar collectors for DHW needs;

• use of heat pumps for domestic hot water and heating needs.

This type energy saving technology has not taken root in our country due to relatively low electricity tariffs. Today it is economically profitable to heat water using electricity rather than alternative heat sources. Also in Russia there is no incentive system for the use of renewable energy sources, unlike Europe and America. Therefore, at present these technologies are not used in the housing and communal services sector of the Russian Federation.

Most modern energy saving technologies have now been implemented on an experimental energy-efficient safe eight-apartment residential building in the Northern district of Khabarovsk. The first stage of a four-story, eight-apartment residential building was put into operation in 2007, the second stage of four apartments is scheduled for completion at the end of 2010. The building is called experimental because modern technologies are being tested here during operation. energy saving technology through the use of:

• heat pumps that use the Earth's heat for air conditioning needs;

• solar installations used for hot water supply needs;

• heat recovery in ventilation systems, etc.

In 2009, residents of an energy efficientAt home, we paid 60% less than the standard for heating.

In the future, the HOA plans to use solar photovoltaic panels and wind turbines at this facility to evaluate the effectiveness of their operation in the region. In this house, energy consumption is significantly less than that of houses of similar size in Khabarovsk, even if the apartments maintain a comfortable temperature of 23–25 0 C. Thus, in 2009, the residents of this house paid 60% less for heating than the standard (i.e., 60% less than what residents paid in an apartment of a similar size in a typical Khabarovsk building that was not equipped with a communal heat meter).

Energy consumption has decreased due to the use of:

• modern energy saving sandwich-type enclosing structures;

• energy efficient wooden windows with double glazing and built-in blinds between the packages, which made it possible to regulate the solar installation;

• modern heating systems based on copper pipes and steel radiators equipped with thermostatic valves;

• automated home individual heating point with weather control;

• heat from ventilation emissions (heat recovery);

• general house and apartment metering of all energy resources (water, heat, electricity).

This is a luxury home, which has no analogues in Russia. Residents maintain and change comfortable living conditions (temperature, air exchange, humidity) over time not only in each individual apartment, but also in each room. In addition, each apartment has a built-in vacuum cleaner and a double water purification system. Potable quality industrial water is used in the bathroom and toilet rooms, and finely purified drinking water, which has passed through special additional filters, is used for cooking. The house also has backup power and water supply systems, thanks to which it can function uninterruptedly in autonomous mode for two days in the event of an emergency and the centralized heat, water and electricity supply systems are turned off. Residents will not notice anything, and the comfort of their stay will not suffer.

It is also important that for each apartment there are two warm places for cars in the underground part of the house. Please note that even in winter the temperature in the underground parking lot does not drop below +12 0 C.

In addition, the house has two security systems: external and internal. The external one is that the house is reliably protected from robbery and theft. Its territory is fenced and equipped with surveillance cameras connected to the concierge's console, which, in turn, is equipped with an alarm button to call private security.

Internal security means that each apartment is equipped with an internal alarm system, the signals from which are output to the concierge console, and special “stairs” for removing water in emergency situations, which helps protect residents of the lower floors from flooding from those living above. If emergency situations occur, a signal about this is sent to the concierge’s remote control, and he can remotely turn off the water supply to this apartment. All apartment utility control units are located in a special technical room on the staircase, so maintenance personnel do not need to enter the apartments.

Each apartment in the house has a technical computer, the display of which displays the following information:

• information about the state of the microclimate (humidity, temperature, CO 2) in each apartment premises;

• data on energy consumption (hot and cold water, heat, sewerage) both in current and archived mode (in hours, days, months);

• data on payment for energy resources both in current and archived mode, thanks to which the tenant can choose one or another level of comfort;

• readings from video cameras installed on the staircase, in the courtyard of the house, allow you to monitor visitors and automatically open gates for them to enter the courtyard and entrance doors;

• alarm system (with the help of a special unit you can set the apartment to an alarm system and remove it from it).

Also, each smart home apartment has ventilation and heat pump units, with which you can automatically turn on and off the ventilation and air conditioning system. Street lighting is provided using LED lamps.

The functioning of this safe, comfortable, intelligent home indicates that the implementation energy saving technologies in the housing and communal services sector are beneficial not only to residents, but also to management organizations.

S.A. Dyachuk, CEO,
CJSC "Regional Energy Systems",
Kotelniki, Moscow region

The main problems in housing and communal services. Qualitative and quantitative indicators. Problems of energy and resource saving

As a result of examining a number of municipal enterprises public utilities(MPKH) of the Russian Federation, carried out by our specialists, the company has developed a picture of typical problems of MPKH, among which we can highlight:

· outdated, and more often absent, technologies and equipment, and outdated ineffective systems for transporting water and heat to consumers, with the use of which often previously prepared water and thermal energy again cease to meet qualitative and quantitative standards;

· forced application of temporarily agreed upon sanitary standards for drinking water supply, exceeding SanPiN standards, as a consequence of the inability of municipal enterprises to provide consumers with quality water;

· the cost of producing heat and water, as a result of the lack of funds to modernize the existing infrastructure of municipal enterprises;

· insufficient volume of services due to underfunding;

· lack of sustainability, and as a consequence, stability of service provision (for the same reason);

· forced increase in tariffs for consumers, which is a consequence of the cost of operation;

· personnel “hunger”, which is a consequence of low wages in the industry;

· non-market methods of management of MPKH, as a consequence of the pseudo-social orientation of municipal leadership;

· low sanitary and epidemiological safety of the population caused by a complex of the above reasons.

Serious business practically does not risk making large-scale investments in existing infrastructure, given the current situation with unstable and politicized principles for setting tariffs for the population.

Choice modern technologies heat supply and water supply, in relation to housing and communal services

Modern technologies and equipment make it possible, in most cases, to dramatically reduce the cost of producing and transporting heat and water to consumers, while ensuring the necessary quality of these services.

However, the basis for the correct choice of technology should be a preliminary examination of utility systems. This is especially effective at the pre-design stage for newly planned construction or reconstruction of objects, as well as before the upcoming corporatization of municipal unitary enterprises. Of course, preliminary work on the survey in each specific case allows us to minimize the cost of projects and increase their efficiency.

Just as there are no identical people, there are no identical cities and communal systems. This means that there can be no standard solutions. In each specific case, it is necessary to first diagnose, and only then effectively “treat”.

However, due to the lack of funds from municipalities and the underestimation of the problem of the health of the nation, minimal attention is paid to the problems of communal infrastructure. Everyone has their own explanations: The municipality complains about the lack of funds and a possible increase in tariffs, which, in their opinion, will become unaffordable for the population; the developer explains the underestimation of the problem by the reluctance to increase the cost of a square meter. As a result, the consumer does not receive a quality service, although he pays for it.

There are additional problems in providing quality utilities. In particular the following.

Consequences of corporatization of a municipal unitary enterprise without financial recovery

A simple legal analysis shows us several scenarios for the development of the situation.

Option 1. Let's assume that a municipality wants to become a 100% owner of the shares of a new joint stock company (JSC). What will happen?

1. Removal of responsibility from the Administration of the municipality for the debts and activities of the new Company;

2. The need for JSCs to find their own sources of financing;

3. The necessity (but also, unfortunately, the impossibility) of competent management.

Without compliance with such conditions, the newly formed joint-stock company risks almost instantly becoming bankrupt. As a consequence - the introduction of anti-crisis management, the sale of property for debts, the arrival of a new owner who is not entirely focused on the goals and objectives that are necessary for the consumer, the employees of the former municipal enterprise and the municipality itself.

Option 2. The municipality wants to shift the functions of providing housing and communal services (HCS) to a private company.

There are already proven methods here and there: rent and concession of municipal property.

However, we do not see a fundamental difference between a municipal unitary enterprise, a tenant or a concessionaire in the form of a real relationship with the owner of the communal infrastructure, that is, with the Administration. Yes, legally there are differences, but systemically, from the point of view of the feasibility of maintaining the costly ideology of the housing and communal services production structure, there are no differences. In addition, the concession aims to create property without reference to economic and quality indicators. But what is important for the consumer is not the length of the pipe or the number of filters and boilers, but the cost, stability and quality of the service.

Housing and communal services are not resource-extracting industries in which the concession is profitable business for both sides. And the variability of legislation in the housing and communal services sector, the lack of clear “rules of the game” simply force a reasonable manager-tenant or concessionaire to live for the present day.

There is another important problem - property. Currently, the property is not owned by municipal enterprises. It is owned by the municipality, but, as a rule, it does not know what exactly it owns. Consequently, the process of transforming a municipal unitary enterprise into a joint-stock company is impossible without scrupulous accounting of the property infrastructure. Unfortunately, property valuation processes are practically not carried out in municipalities due to lack of funds and lack of understanding of the complexity of this procedure.

Thus, there are new problems for the municipality:

· determine the composition of the property that will be included in authorized capital JSC;

· assess the value of property included in the authorized capital;

· determine the package of participation of the municipality in the joint-stock company;

· determine the goals and objectives of the newly created joint-stock company;

· determine strategic objectives for the new society.

Based on expert estimates of the volume of investments, for example, in the Vodokanal of an average Russian city with a million population (from 800 thousand to 1.2 million US dollars only during the inventory period and the technical process of transforming a municipal unitary enterprise into a joint-stock company), we conclude that it is practically unrealistic for budgets of most municipalities for effective transformation of existing municipal unitary enterprises.

Unfortunately, an assessment of the situation shows that the heads of existing municipal unitary enterprises and municipalities in the overwhelming majority do not imagine the complexity and scale of the upcoming transformations, and do not see ways to implement the tasks assigned to them.

It is clear that the deadlines for corporatization cannot be met if the municipalities are not ready. And this is also an obstacle to investing in housing and communal services.

Tariff setting as a system error

The previously adopted Law (Federal Law No. 210-FZ of December 30, 2004 “On the basis for regulating tariffs of public utility organizations”) allowed municipalities to set tariffs for cold water supply and sewerage, garbage collection and determine investment premiums to tariffs for heat, water, and power supply. At the same time, the period for establishing tariffs and surcharges could exceed one year and be established for the entire payback period of investments. The Law clearly stipulated the functions of government bodies at all levels, including regulating the tariff setting process and monitoring it. As a result of the clarity of power and declared stability, many serious investors have already entered the housing and communal services sector to implement, together with municipal authorities, reconstruction projects and new construction of facilities and communications. The provisions of Law No. 210-FZ were supposed to come into force on January 1, 2006.

During 2005, the Government and MPs watched as municipalities and the regional energy commission prepared for the onset of 2006.

Naturally, in anticipation of Investors, municipalities with far-sighted leaders have tried to bring tariffs to more or less real values ​​that reflect not the political, but the economic component of tariffs. That is, to increase tariffs to the level of economic feasibility of the activities of housing and communal services enterprises.

At the same time, the Government did not fulfill its obligations to develop and approve a unified methodology for calculating tariffs, develop rules and determine the procedure for interaction between participants in the tariff setting process, as well as verification and control methods.

Stop inflation? The Government’s desire to achieve a temporary limit on inflation growth by introducing amendments to Law 210 is understandable, but is not correct in the long term. The adopted amendments to this law make it possible to briefly limit the growth of utility tariffs for the population, but they alienate investors from the housing and communal services sector and put the country in front of the need to seek, according to experts, more than $20 billion just to improve the situation with water supply and sewerage. In the field of heat and electricity supply, these numbers are even higher.

In addition, the attempt to stop (reduce) the rate of inflation growth undertaken by the Government, at the very least, makes it difficult to fulfill the second task of the Government: doubling GDP. Housing and communal services, like any other product, are one of its (GDP) components.

| download for free Possible ways to solve problems of housing and communal services enterprises in conditions of insufficient budget financing, Dyachuk S.A.,

The centralized heating system existing in our country has some features that make it difficult to save heat during its transportation. The length of pipelines through which coolants reach the consumer is, in some cases, tens of kilometers. As practice shows, in standard heating networks, up to 40% of heat is lost along the way from the thermal power plant to the heated building. In modern times, such losses can be considered catastrophic.

Eliminating heat loss during its transportation is the main task of organizations operating heating networks. Currently, the reconstruction of existing heating pipelines is coming to the fore. We are talking about replacing old pipes with new, effectively insulated - pre-insulated pipes.

They are a one-piece structure consisting of a steel or plastic pipe, which is insulated with a layer of polystyrene foam and encased in a durable and sealed polyethylene casing. Pre-insulated pipes are designed to operate for 30 years or more. (For comparison: in domestic heating networks, pipelines are replaced on average once every 17 years.) The fact is that a pipeline laid in the usual way in a concrete box is not protected from moisture. But 70% of the destruction of underground pipelines is caused by external corrosion. Pre-insulated pipes are reliably protected from moisture by a polyethylene sheath. Along the entire length of such a pipeline there are special sensors, which, in the event of a violation of the integrity of the system, send a signal to control center. This allows you to quickly determine the location of damage with an accuracy of up to 1 m.

The production of pre-insulated pipes has been established in Belarus, but so far domestic products mainly consist of imported components. This is due to the fact that high-quality polystyrene foam and steel pipes are not produced in our country. Nevertheless, domestic pipes with plastic insulation are 20-25% cheaper than imported ones.

Thus, in Khotimsk, almost all city heating networks (about 400 km) were replaced with pre-insulated pipes. Soon three of the four boiler houses that existed in the city had to be closed. The heat produced by one of them was enough for the entire city.

Unfortunately, examples of rational operation of heating networks in our country are still few. According to experts, to improve the situation, heating pipelines must be transferred to the balance of private companies. Today, heating networks do not have a real owner: some areas are operated by enterprises, others by utility organizations, and still others by power engineers.

Let us present the main measures for energy saving in housing and communal services.

1. Implementation of energy-saving measures to ensure compliance with the requirements of standards, building codes and regulations to achieve specific indicators of energy consumption.

2. Organization of energy consumption accounting and energy management in buildings and engineering equipment systems.

3. Dispatch management of engineering equipment systems at the level of microdistrict, district, city, including the creation automated systems management of technical processes of electricity, heat, water, gas supply.

4. Application in construction, reconstruction or major repairs of residential and public buildings design solutions, structures and insulating materials with increased thermal protection and taking into account climatic zones and technological requirements.

5. Use of heat recovery equipment in buildings and structures.

6. Involvement in the fuel and energy balance of non-traditional energy sources, local fuels, solid waste, and heat from urban wastewater.

A promising direction for the development of the Belarusian heating equipment market is the distribution of individual automated heating systems of medium and high power for multi-apartment housing. Experts believe that such systems are a real alternative to “basement” boiler rooms, which have recently become “powder kegs” for old housing.

Saving heat for heating a residential building can be achieved by: insulating entrance doors to entrances, apartments, sealing the vestibules, eliminating leaks around the perimeter of window and door frames, insulating external walls; insulating attics or converting non-attic roofs into attics, increasing the technical operation of heating systems; automatic regulation of heat supply for heating; accounting of thermal energy with the installation of heat meters (payment for actual heat consumption) (Table 4.2, 4.3).

Studies were carried out, as a result of which it turned out that walls, windows, roofs lose too much heat - up to 80%. Thus, along with abandoning centralized heating and replacing it with autonomous boiler houses, the logical solution was to insulate buildings - facades, windows, roofs.

Thus, in 1994, new standards for thermal resistance of building envelopes were introduced in the republic.

The new standards are almost 2 times higher than those used previously. For example, now, in order to build a house that meets the new standards, but using the old method, its walls would have to be made twice as thick as before.

Of course, this is impossible. To comply with modern requirements for the thermal resistance of enclosing structures, various insulation systems are now used - facades, roofs, basements, using highly effective thermal insulation materials.

There are many such systems in the world - as a rule, insulation manufacturers create a balanced system for their materials that has passed all the necessary tests, where the components fit together, and the durability of such a system is guaranteed.

Belarus has already developed its own multilayer insulation system, all components of which (with the exception of mineral wool insulation boards) are produced by domestic factories. In 1996, specialists from SKTB "Sarmat" developed a system for insulating facades with lightweight thermal insulation material protected by thin-layer reinforced plaster, called "Termoshuba", which passed the necessary tests and met the design requirements. Thermal fur coat allows you to perform work at subzero temperatures - down to -12 °C. This undoubted advantage of the system allows you to significantly increase the construction season, and in the conditions of Belarus - to carry them out almost all year round.

Over the past years, the volume of insulation of external walls of buildings and structures has increased dynamically, which, of course, has yielded certain positive results.

In addition to direct savings in energy resources, thermal renovation of buildings has made it possible to significantly improve their appearance, and in some cases protect crumbling facades, eliminate freezing of walls, and improve the indoor microclimate.

Unfortunately, mineral wool boards produced by domestic enterprises do not yet meet the necessary requirements, so insulation systems have to use imported boards.

In 1998, the Committee on Energy Saving and Energy Supervision chose the Termoshuba system and, by decision of its Expert Council, recommended it for mass use.

The Termoshuba system uses a rigid special façade fully hydrophobized mineral wool board of the Fasrock brand from the Rockwool concern. All materials of the Termoshuba system are certified.

Comprehensive field inspections and tests of Thermal Fur Coat, carried out at three sites in 1995, 1996 and 1998, confirmed its high quality and operational reliability. Thermal fur coat has high impact resistance, durability - more than 35 conventional years, low operating humidity - less than 1%, tensile strength of the insulation - more than 0.02 MPa, and the protective and finishing layers - more than 1.1 MPa.

The actual energy savings for the buildings studied amounted to an average of 97.7 tce. t./year The payback period for insulating buildings using the Termoshub method is 4-12 years, depending on the thickness of the insulation and the design features of the buildings.

The method of constructing the Termoshuba system and all the necessary materials are described in detail in Manual 1-99 to SNiP 3.03.01-87 “Design and installation of thermal insulation of external walls of buildings using the Termoshuba method,” which has been put into effect since 1999.

Buildings that were built after the adoption of new thermal resistance standards for building envelopes account for only 1.5-2% of the existing housing stock, which for the most part remains cold and is therefore subject to thermal renovation.

Throughout the republic, the volume of housing in need of insulation exceeds 200 million m2. The low cost of insulation using the Termoshuba system, along with its quality and durability, indicates the feasibility of its use.

Saving heat consumption for hot water supply to a residential building can be achieved by improving the quality of technical operation of hot water supply systems, following the rules of scheduled maintenance (5%), automating the operation of pumps that increase water pressure in buildings, and hot water circulation pumps in residential buildings. up to 50% at night (3%); installation of apartment water meters and payment for actual water consumption (4%).

To heat and hot water supply an apartment in Minsk with an area of ​​51 m2, it is necessary to burn 2 tons of oil, 40-50% more than in industrial developed countries. In addition, each family consumes 100-150 kWh of electricity per month or 1200-1800 kWh per year.

The heating period is 200 days. At this time, 36% is lost through windows, walls - 26%, and due to heating of fresh supply air - 28% of all heat coming from the heating system (see Table 4.2).

When reconstructing using efficient materials, heat loss can be reduced by 2-3 times, but this is expensive. At the same time, everyone has many opportunities for insulating their apartment:

Glazing of loggias and balconies. Glass and door frames must be sealed. At the same time, losses through windows and walls located on the side of the loggia will be reduced by 15-18%. Reducing losses by 7-9% allows you to increase the room temperature by 1 °C. Thus, glazing will increase the temperature in the adjacent room by 2 °C;

Installing transparent polyethylene film between the frames so that the distance from it to the glass is the same. This is equivalent to a triple glazed window and reduces heat loss by 20%;

Thermal protection of the section of the outer wall where the radiator is located. A reflective surface (aluminum foil, mirror aluminized film) is placed on the wall behind the radiator with a gap between the wall and the radiator.

The lower the air temperature outside, the better natural exhaust ventilation works, often better than necessary. Therefore, in winter it is necessary to cover the exhaust ventilation openings (not completely) with paper or cardboard. Close the bathroom altogether to humidify the air in the apartment, since in winter it is too dry. This will have a good effect on the microclimate of the apartment, because humid air gives a feeling of warmth, and dry air gives a feeling of cold. This will save up to 20% of heat.

Work to introduce energy-saving measures in the housing and communal services sector and thereby reduce the cost of services provided is carried out in the following main areas: reducing the consumption standards of fuel and energy resources at operating energy-consuming installations and technological processes; replacing expensive fuel with cheap types; maximum use of local fuels; introduction of energy consumption metering and regulation devices.

Unfortunately, a number of organizations, when developing, coordinating and approving fuel consumption standards, artificially inflate them in order to then show significant savings.

Low rates of work on equipping boiler houses with devices for metering the generated thermal energy were noted.

Due to the deterioration of heating networks in a number of cities and populated areas There are large losses of thermal energy during transportation. To solve this problem, it is necessary to increase the volume of replacement of worn-out heating networks with pre-insulated pipes.

Energy saving measures are directly related to and affect the cost of utilities.

It is necessary to urgently take measures to radically improve energy saving, rationing the consumption of fuel and energy resources for work and utilities, introducing flow metering and energy regulation devices, ensuring population payments based on installed devices, which will ultimately lead to saving resources and reducing costs housing and communal services.

A positive example of the successful implementation of energy-saving measures is the republican children's sanatorium "Solnyshko", which is located in the Slutsk region, in which the state enterprise "Belenergosberezhenie" and the association "Belmezhkolkhozzdravnitsa" have developed and are implementing a program for energy and resource conservation.

Among the energy-saving measures, a reconstruction of the heat supply system was carried out, for which a heating system powered by wood chips and sawdust was purchased and installed. The boiler room contains a heat exchanger, an accumulator tank, and automatic equipment for the heat supply system and boiler room.

As a result, the annual structure of primary fuel consumption in the sanatorium began to look like this: the share of local fuel is 79%, diesel fuel - 21%. The specific fuel consumption for heat supply to the boiler room decreased from 227 kg. t. per 1 Gcal (before reconstruction) up to 171 kg. t. per 1 Gcal (after reconstruction). The reconstruction of the boiler house cost the sanatorium 6.8 billion rubles. As a result, the work done will allow saving 85,000 tons. t. per year.

Automation of the heating unit and the new educational and sports building makes it possible to maintain a comfortable temperature in the premises when people are there, and to reduce the air temperature at night in the absence of personnel according to a given program.

To heat the water in the summer, the sanatorium has a domestic solar installation, which allows you to have warm water without consuming fuel.

To save energy, energy-efficient lighting was installed in the classrooms of the new building of the sanatorium using lamps from the State Enterprise MMZ named after. V.I. Vavilova ("BelOMO", Minsk), the use of which allows to reduce electricity consumption by 1.5 times, which, compared to the original project (6provides higher illumination of teaching places and the blackboard with almost silent operation of the equipment.

In addition, the sanatorium has installed energy-efficient outdoor lighting produced at the Minsk enterprise "Electret", which not only reduces energy consumption, but also increases the service life of the lamps.

The new buildings of the sanatorium are equipped with double-glazed windows with triple glazing produced by Baranovichidrev. In older buildings, the internal glass of the window frames was replaced with double-glazed panels, resulting in a total of triple glazing.

Communal services are independent organizations and enterprises, repair and construction institutions, operational institutions, directorates; transport organizations.

The main function of housing and communal services: ensuring normal living conditions for the population and the functioning of urban structures. Specific characteristics, commodity essence, divisibility and exclusivity of the public services sector.

Return Policy financial support provided at the expense of the Housing and Communal Services Fund (HCF) in the Russian Federation. The main results of the conference call between the management of the Housing and Utilities Reform Fund and representatives of the regions.

Problematic situation. Analysis of the state of housing and communal services. Analysis of the progress of housing and communal services reform. Creation of economic mechanisms in housing and communal services. Market mechanisms for the functioning of the housing sector. Recommendations for the speedy reform of housing and communal services.

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus Belarusian State The University of Economics ABSTRACT on the topic “Ways to save fuel and energy resources in housing and communal services and consumer services”

Determination of the goals, necessity and main directions of modernization of housing and communal services in the Republic of Bashkorstan. Study of investment opportunities in the housing and communal services sector and analysis of the main and additional sources of investment for the modernization of the housing and communal services system.

Housing legislation and issues of social support of the population. Functioning and reforming the sphere of housing and communal services of the territories. Transformation of the system of financing enterprises and organizations of housing and communal services and its territorial differentiation.

Studying the history of the formation and development of the housing and communal services market in Russia. Consideration of the current state, government regulation and main measures to create a competitive and investment-attractive environment in the housing sector.

The structure of housing and communal services, remote management of its facilities, accounting and calculation of payments for utilities. Creation and organization of work of unified information and settlement centers using the example of Moscow districts.

Current state and concept of housing and communal services reform. Targets, main directions and most important measures for the system of ensuring quality standards for the provision of housing and communal services and living conditions for citizens.

Analysis of priority areas and strategies of state policy in the field of housing and utilities. Tariff regulation as an instrument of state policy in the public utilities sector. Attracting investment in the housing and communal services sector of municipalities.

Identification of the main problems in the development of housing and communal services in Russian regions in the chronically increasing non-payments of citizens for services provided. Prerequisites, content and difficulties of reforming the financing system of this industry.

Characteristics of the urban service sector. Municipalization is the transfer of property rights by government authorities. Description of the municipal economy. Problems of reforming the housing and communal services enterprise. Municipal government housing stock.

Abstract on the topic: Problems of using energy resources by Stanislav Tretyak, a student of grade 11-B Tretyak Dnepropetrovsk Contents page Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….. 3

Methodological aspects of solving energy saving problems of various enterprises. Examination of energy facilities. Criteria for assessing the effectiveness of the project. Selection of the main evaluation criterion when constructing a priority series of ESM. An example of an expert assessment.

General problems of management and reform of housing and communal services. Public policy reforms, tasks of bodies local government on reforming the housing and communal services. general characteristics state of housing and communal services, main directions of development.

Objectives and priorities of the energy strategy, parameters of energy security and efficiency. Features of environmental safety of energy, budget efficiency. The main similarities and differences between the principles of energy policy in Russia and the United States.

Definition, current state, history of development, life cycle of the electric power industry in Belarus. Study of the economic potential and features of the formation of the market structure of the industry. Development of the fuel and energy complex in Belarus.

Problems of development and implementation of "Programs for the integrated development of heat supply systems." Modeling the conditions under which existing systems would operate at the level of an “ideal organization.” Development of investment programs by local authorities.

Otherwise, they simply will not be able to fulfill the requirements of Law No. 261-FZ. Work on this issue is being carried out today at all levels of government and economic management, and, obviously, it will take some time. However, no one canceled the requirements of the law “On Energy Saving” and the deadlines allotted for their implementation. Therefore, local utility industry enterprises and municipal structures are independently looking for solutions to existing problems, using the material and administrative resources at their disposal.

This was precisely the goal of the meeting of managers and specialists of management companies in Eastern Europe. administrative district(VAO) of Moscow with representatives of resource supply, energy service and energy audit companies, as well as several leading banks. The event, which was attended by about 100 people, took place as part of the exhibition-seminar “Industry. Investments. 2010" and was organized by the prefecture of the Eastern Administrative District of Moscow and the Municipal Fund for the Support of Small Business of the Eastern Administrative District of Moscow. " We have gathered under one roof those who are directly interested in the speedy implementation of energy saving measures, those who have experience in such work, and those who can answer pressing questions regarding the development of financing mechanisms for energy efficient projects and energy service contracts,- said the director of the fund Angela Raevskaya, opening the meeting. — Almost a year has passed since the adoption of the Law “On Energy Saving,” and many questions continue to remain unanswered. However, we have very little time. By the end of 2012, energy passports will be issued for all buildings and quotas for the consumption of utility resources will be determined. But their actual consumption may turn out to be significantly higher than these quotas if no measures are taken now aimed at increasing the energy efficiency of the housing stock. And for excess consumption, owners will have to pay completely different tariffs. They will not thank the operating organizations for this, and the fate of the latter will be decided immediately».

The problem of choosing a strategy

However, before starting to implement energy-efficient measures, you need to decide on their composition and priority. Simply put, management company specialists need to understand where energy losses are highest, what needs to be done first, and what actions will give the greatest and fastest economic effect. A comprehensive answer to these questions can only be given by a comprehensive energy audit, the implementation of which, among other things, is provided for by the Law “On Energy Saving”.

And here the first obstacle arises. As of mid-August 2010, only 6 were registered in the state register in the field of energy audit, uniting a little more than two hundred audit companies. And this is for the entire country, while Moscow alone, according to some estimates, needs several thousand energy auditors.

However, it is still possible to understand which energy-saving measures are more profitable. To do this, you should refer to statistical data. Thus, according to Olga Folomeeva, Deputy General Director of the State Unitary Enterprise “Moscow City Unified Information and Analytical Center” (MOSGOREIATs), heat supply accounts for almost half (42%) of the total energy consumption of Moscow housing and communal services. In second place is hot water supply and in third place is electricity supply. In total, the utility sector consumes a third of all city energy resources.

So, the most relevant measures to modernize heating systems are today. This is confirmed by data from other meeting participants. " As our experience shows, the main energy saving potential lies today in heating systems", notes Semyon Gershovich, General Director of Aurora Energy Management LLC, a Russian-German joint venture specializing in consulting and engineering in the field of energy efficiency and energy saving.

Specific figures were also presented to the meeting participants. " Comprehensive modernization of heat supply systems of multi-apartment residential buildings allows for heat savings of up to 35-45%, explains Anton Belov, Deputy Head of Thermal Department at Danfoss. — Installing an automated control unit (ACU) or an individual heating point (IHP) in the heating system, together with balancing the heating system along the risers, reduces heat consumption by an average of 20-25%. And the use of radiator thermostats in combination with individual meters-distributors installed directly on heating devices enhances this effect by another 15-20%. Moreover, some economical residents manage to reduce their heating costs by 50-60%" It is interesting that the data presented were obtained on real inhabited objects, including the famous “Intellectual House” in Zhulebino and one of the new buildings in recent years in the Basmanny district of the capital.

The specialist especially noted the importance of carrying out comprehensive measures to improve the energy efficiency of heating systems, since only in this way can homeowners themselves be involved in energy saving and motivated to save heat. It is noteworthy that many other participants in the meeting spoke in the same vein. " Detailed, including apartment-by-apartment accounting of all consumed energy resources is an indispensable condition for the success of any energy-efficient measures,- speaks Angela Raevskaya(Municipal Fund for Support of Small Businesses of the Eastern Administrative District of Moscow). — After all, the main volume of consumption (about 70%) falls on residents, and today they do not participate in energy saving in any way and are not interested in it.” “Metering devices must be installed where the end consumer is located,” adds Olga Folomeeva (MOSGOREIATs). — Only in this case will we have a detailed picture of consumption and will be able to achieve the greatest effect in optimizing it».

It should be noted that today the scheme for calculating utility bills based on detailed apartment-by-apartment accounting of all consumed resources, including heat, is already being developed in Moscow. For example, a similar system was implemented on the initiative of the Department overhaul housing stock of Moscow (GU DKR) and the Moscow State Expertise in house No. 59 on Obruchev Street. The preparation of the project and execution of the work was undertaken by the Danfoss company together with the Moszhilniiproekt Institute. This experience is interesting in that data from individual distribution meters in this case is collected centrally, on the EIRTs computer. And, as the results of the 2009-2010 heating season showed, this provides more than 12% heat savings.

Finance is everything

Once the composition of energy efficiency measures has been determined, it is necessary to find a source of financing. Law No. 261-FZ provides that to implement similar projects There will be specialized energy service companies (ESCOs) that will attract third-party investors. And the return on investment is expected to be made from the savings obtained. " The end consumer does not have to pay anything in excess of those utility bills, the amount of which is fixed at the time of the start of modernization,— explains the chief economist of the Directorate for Project Management in the field of energy saving and environmental management of Sberbank of Russia Dmitry Leushkin. — This is the ideology of the energy service contract».

However, in practice everything is not so simple. The fact is that banks (namely, they act as third-party investors in most cases) need guarantees of repayment of funds. But since the newly formed energy service companies have neither tangible assets nor credit history, they cannot provide such guarantees.

Another problem is related to the timing of implementation of energy efficiency projects. " It takes at least 2-3 years to implement an energy-saving project and it pays off in about the same period,- speaks Semyon Gershovich(“Aurora Energy Management”). — This means that the ESCO must operate on a specific site for at least 5-7 years. However, in accordance with existing antimonopoly legislation, competitions in this area must be held annually. Thus, the ESCO that undertakes the implementation of the project risks finding itself in a “limbo” state.».

The role of municipal structures in solving these problems is great. For example, the administration of the Eastern Administrative District of Moscow invites management companies to independently undertake the creation of ESCOs. " In this case, we are ready to give our own guarantee to energy service enterprises that will receive loans from banks for energy-saving projects,- speaks Angela Raevskaya. — Thus, we can guarantee that all innovations will pay off and banks will get their money back" According to the unanimous opinion of those present, the importance of such a decision can hardly be overestimated. Indeed, until today, many potential investors were simply afraid to invest money in energy-saving measures. But with such a guarantor as the Municipal Small Business Support Fund, the issue can be considered practically closed.

Some resource supply organizations also offer interesting solutions. Thus, according to the leading specialist of the Center for Energy Saving of Mosenergosbyt OJSC Dmitry Vladimirov, Mosenergosbyt is already ready to finance the implementation of energy efficient projects in power supply systems of residential buildings. " We agree in advance with management company a list of necessary works (for example, replacement of lighting fixtures, elevator equipment, electricity meters, etc.), then we carry them out on our own, and return the funds using the resulting energy savings,- explains the specialist. — Another option is also possible. For some time, the operating organization may not transfer money to us for electricity, accumulating it, and then spending it on the implementation of certain pre-agreed energy-efficient measures. Refunds are also made based on the energy savings achieved.».

Thus, despite all the difficulties existing today in the implementation of energy efficient projects, their implementation is still possible. In the event that all interested parties manage to find a common language. And a decisive role in this multilateral dialogue is played by municipal structures that are capable of providing utility companies with significant organizational and sometimes material support.

1 Zhulebinsky Boulevard, 36-2

2 Denisovsky lane, 22