home Real estate Multi-storey residential building relevance of the topic. The relevance of the construction of multi-storey buildings. How much does it cost to build a house: cost of construction

Multi-storey residential building relevance of the topic. The relevance of the construction of multi-storey buildings. How much does it cost to build a house: cost of construction

In the conditions of modern large cities, the relevance of the construction of multi-storey residential buildings has acquired a huge scale. With the growth of cities, the needs of residents for new, modern and comfortable housing are also growing.

The relevance of the construction of high-rise buildings in our time

Since ancient times, the construction of low-rise buildings in Rus' was taken as an axiom. The first skyscrapers appeared only in the era of communism. In the 40-50s, 7 famous Stalinist skyscrapers were built.

The relevance of low-rise construction in the Moscow region.

09/22/2014 Low-rise construction in the Moscow region became relevant after the crisis in 2008. At the moment, it is low-rise residential complexes that actually form the suburbs of Moscow. In the future, such residential complexes will be more and more relevant than high-rise buildings or residential areas.

The competition for the height and design solutions of buildings is gaining momentum. Many the developed countries grow skyward, demonstrating the prestige and innovation of engineering. Monolithic construction occupies a leading place in the choice of the method of constructing high-rise buildings with various architectural solutions. The purpose of buildings and structures can be both high-rise housing, administrative, and industrial.

It has a long history and decades of proven durability.

The relevance of monolithic construction

To date, the technology of monolithic construction of structures has become widespread. Previously, the construction of multi-storey buildings using precast concrete was popular, but comparing the cost of a finished square meter of a building, monolithic construction has no equal.

How much does it cost to build a house: cost of construction

Published in: Residential Properties The construction of an apartment building is a complex business process that requires the creation of an effective mechanism for financing and project management, as well as a team of professionals involved in its implementation. According to the experts and developers of Novosibirsk, interviewed by us in preparing this material, the following cost components can be distinguished: acquisition or lease of land, design, approvals and expertise, connection to engineering networks, construction and installation works, marketing, credit burden.

In the context of the developing crisis, it is low-rise construction that will help maintain the volume of activity in the construction industry. This was discussed at the round table "The relevance of the use of new energy and resource-saving technologies in low-rise construction in a crisis" held as part of the 3rd Moscow Forum of Real Estate Market Leaders MREF 2008. The event was organized by the National Agency for Low-Rise and Cottage Construction (NAMIKS).

“Now, with stagnation and recession in the construction industry, it is low-rise housing construction, with all the richness of the choice of technologies, that will help maintain the pace and volume of construction,” said the moderator of the Round Table, Deputy Executive Director of NAMIKS Petr Kazmin.

According to Sergey Tsygamenko, president of the Ecopan Association, in the near future, the organization, based on its low-rise housing construction technology, is launching a pilot project to create economical, energy-intensive and environmentally friendly “autonomous houses” based on wireless heating and power supply systems using solar energy. In addition, along with the production of SIP panels, the Ecopan Association plans to build 3-4 OSB factories, which will halve the cost of one square meter of housing.

the structure of the house becomes several times more earthquake-resistant than with conventional structures, and, in addition, the load on the foundation is reduced by 6 times.”

“The main task now, in the context of the financial instability of the construction market, is to show the innovations and efficiency of low-rise buildings, to demonstrate clearly that even in the economy class it is possible to produce a high-quality and comfortable product,” said Sergey Zhuravlev, Deputy Chairman of the Expert Council of the Russian House of the Future project ".

Space planning solution

This residential building is a two-story two-section with parking in the basement. The building is rectangular in plan, with dimensions in axes 1-9 - 49.2 m, in axes A-E - 19.8 m. The height of the basement and first floors is 3.3 m, the height of the second floor is 3 meters. The number of apartments in one residential section on the ground floor is 5 in section A and 6 in section B.

The cladding of the facade of the building is made of ceramic hollow bricks on a cement-sand mortar 120 mm thick; According to the technical and economic parameters, the designer (me) chose expanded polystyrene as a heater. Load-bearing walls made of ordinary clay bricks, masonry thickness 380 mm.

The layout of all rooms on the second floor is similar to the layout of the rooms on the first floor. The symmetry of the premises of the two sections is not complete - the sections between axes 1-2 and 8-9 are not symmetrical, as they have an individual layout in accordance with the requirements of investors and the customer.

The building has a living area of 980.50 m2, an auxiliary area of 740.20 m2, the rooms are spacious, mostly rectangular in shape, ranging from 14 to 24 m2. The interior decoration of the rooms is made with cement-sand-based plaster.

Kitchens have an area of 10.5 to 17 m2 and are adjacent to load-bearing walls with ventilation shafts along the outer axes.

In two corner rooms on the facade from the side of the courtyard there are two light openings each, in the rest of the living rooms and kitchens there is one window each. Plastic windows with double glazing in single binding.

There are places for wardrobes, cabinets, utility and utility rooms in all apartments, as well as rooms for managing end-user communications in stairwells (water supply, electrical wiring, communication cables, measuring equipment, valves, etc.). Bathrooms are separate, except for two symmetrical about axis 5 one-room apartments.

In the right wing, a three-room apartment has two bathrooms. The doors of all bathrooms open outwards, the finishing of floors and walls with tiles or other materials is carried out by the owners of the apartments independently in accordance with the requirements of established regulatory documents.

In section A there are four one-room, one two-room and one three-room apartments. The area of these apartments, respectively, is 32, 32, 37, 37 m2 for one-room apartments, 50 m2 for a two-room apartment and 72 m2 for a three-room apartment. In section B of the building there are two one-room, one two-room and two three-room apartments with an area of 37, 37 m2 for one-room apartments, 65 m2 for two-room apartments, 76 and 70 m2 for three-room apartments, respectively.

In all three-room apartments, with the exception of the corner apartment in wing B, there are "living rooms" adjacent to the "common rooms", which can be equipped as an office or other needs without disturbing the convenience of the general functioning of the premises. The area of each staircase is 26 m2, apartment owners can established by law in order to independently install partitions on stairwells to create a common vestibule. The entrance node of the building consists of an external door, a vestibule and an internal door; the distance from the stairs to the inner door of the entrance unit is 890 mm. The canopies of the two front doors rest on the bearing walls along the axis D and along the axis 2 and 8. In front of the entrance to the entrance there are decorative side fences made of brickwork with dimensions of 2100 / 240 / 750 mm (L / W / H).

The project provides for all the necessary measures to ensure explosive and fire safety buildings, thermal protection and protection of building structures against corrosion. In addition, the conditions that provide the required comfort in the premises are met.

low-rise construction self-locking block

Introduction

1. General plan

3. Design solution

3.1 Structural system

3.2 Structural elements

3.2.1 Foundations

4.2.2 External panels

3.2.3 Floors

3.2.4 Roof construction

3.2.5 Loggias

3.2.6 Partitions

3.2.7 Windows, doors

3.2.7 Stairs

3.2.8 Floors

4.1.2 Water supply

4.1.4 Lifts

4.1.5 Garbage chute

4.1.7 Lighting

7. Technical - economic indicators

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Applications

Introduction

The main types of residential buildings in cities are multi-apartment high-rise buildings. Along with improving the quality of housing construction, the most important requirement was to ensure the cost-effectiveness of the construction and operation of the building. The implementation of mass housing construction is based on industrial methods of erecting a building from prefabricated elements manufactured at DSC. The panel system is used for the construction of buildings with a height of up to 30 floors under normal conditions. The load-bearing wall panels of such buildings are made one floor high and 1-2 structural and planning steps long. The technical advantage of panel structures is their significantly greater strength and rigidity compared to traditional ones.

Relevance of the topic:

In connection with the policy of the state aimed at family planning and its development as a cell of society, the need for the construction of new housing has recently increased dramatically.

Mortgage program makes housing more affordable for the middle class. And since the construction of panel buildings requires less time than similar small-sized elements, the construction of such buildings is of great relevance.

Building classification:

· By functional purpose: residential building of apartment type

· According to the degree of durability: II /4/

· Capital class: II

· According to the degree of fire resistance: II /3/

· By number of storeys: multi-storey (twelve-storey)

· By number of apartments: multi-apartment

· By the nature of development: with a common green area

· By type of main building materials: from large-sized elements (panels)

· According to the constructive system: wall

· According to the design scheme: cross-wall with a mixed pitch of load-bearing walls

· According to the material of the structures of the supporting elements: reinforced concrete

· According to the architectural and planning solution: sectional

· According to the method of creating an architectural composition: the traditional method

· According to the method of volumetric composition: frontal

· According to the method of drainage from the coating: internal organized

· By heating method: centralized heating

Normalized air parameters for Yaroslavl:

n 5= - 31ABOUT C, t from. per. = - 4ABOUT C, Z from. per. =221 days /1/; t in = 18 ABOUT C /4/.

1. General plan

1.1 Location of the building in the development

In accordance with /6/

The building is located in a residential area. The justification for placement in this zone is the distance from industrial enterprises that are sources of air pollution.

In accordance with the nature of the main functional processes occurring in the building and the size of the building, it is best to place it within the urban area, as far as possible from the main roads, in order to provide the necessary sound insulation.

Scheme master plan compiled in accordance with the current norms and rules for the design of residential buildings.

The master plan of this project shows part of the microdistrict. The main principle in the development of the planning structure is the creation of the most comfortable conditions for residents in the implementation of the entire complex of everyday life processes. To do this, convenient transport links are provided between the location of the building and places of recreation, sports, public transport, parking lots and normalized pedestrian accessibility of objects. public purpose(5-7 min walk, distance up to 500 m) enterprises of the daily service system and public transport stops. The service radius of enterprises is taken depending on their purpose: kindergarten 300 m, shop 500 m.

The development of the microdistrict is composed of a number of primary residential groups. The group consists of several houses and includes a children's institution located in the inner green area of the microdistrict. /6/

panel residential foundation house

In close proximity to the building there is a restaurant building with a night bar and a summer cafe. The restaurant is designed to serve people living in the area.

To reduce the passage of cars within the quarter, and, consequently, to reduce the gas contamination of the atmosphere, parking lots are provided for personal road transport residents of the neighborhood.

Near the house there are playgrounds for active games and quiet rest. A department store is located near the proposed building.

The orientation of the main facade is west.

1.2 Entrances and approaches to the building

The building has one entrance. The entrance to the entrance is carried out on pedestrian sidewalks.

The building is provided with entrances for fire trucks with a width from two longitudinal sides of the building and turnaround areas (according to /6/). According to the estimated data, a parking lot for 10 cars has been designed. /6/

The width of the entrances and approaches to the building, the curvature of the carriageway of streets and roads along the edge of the sidewalks are taken according to / 6 /. The width of the strips is not less than 3.0 m, the radius of curvature is not less than 5 m. /6/

Sidewalks for pedestrian traffic are provided along the main and industrial roads, as well as along the driveway and entrance. The maximum width of the sidewalk is 1.5 m. The sidewalks along the buildings are placed at a distance of 0.5 m from the building line (organized drainage from the roof). The sidewalk is separated from the carriageway by a strip 8 m wide.

Covering of driveways and platforms - asphalt-concrete. The removal of surface water is ensured by the vertical planning of the project reference.

The blind area around all buildings is 1m wide.

The territory of the microdistrict is limited to the main streets.

1.3 Landscaping and landscaping

The building is 8 m deep into the site from the side of the main facade from the red line. Landscaping is provided on the adjacent land plot, free from buildings and asphalting. The minimum landscaping area is designed according to /6/ at least 50% of the total land plot. Deciduous trees are used for landscaping, as well as ordinary planting of shrubs, planting lawn grass. Landscaping works are envisaged according to /1/ for the II climatic region. Deciduous trees are planted along the entire perimeter of the site. Along the house inside the site there is an alley for walking. Around the building, along its perimeter, a blind area is provided, which fits snugly against the basement of the building and has a slope of i=0.03 (or 3%). The steps of the external stairs are designed from B15 class concrete, and have a slope of at least 1% towards the overlying step, as well as along the step.

The landscaping of the territory is carried out by installing benches, trash cans and outdoor lighting masts along the footpaths.

1.4 Technical and economic indicators

In accordance with /6/ the indicators of the master plan were:

District area - 6925.23 m2
Building area - 1526.60 m2
Coverage area - 1609.40 m2
Landscaping area - 3464.00 m2
Building density K1 - 22,04%;
Greening coefficient K 2- 50.02%; by /6/ not less than 50%

TO 1=S developments /S district = 1526.6 / 6925.23 = 0.2204

TO 2=S landscaped. /S district \u003d 3464 / 6925.23 \u003d 0.5002

2. Space planning solution

The space-planning decision of the building is of a sectional type.

The designed building has the following dimensions along the axes:

22 - 35.8 meters

A - I - 14.2 meters

The height of a typical floor is 2.8 meters;

Height of the 1st and 2nd floors - 2.8 meters;

Basement height - 1.9 meters

Height technical floor(attic) - 1.2

Number of overground floors - 12;

The total height from ground level is 35.9 meters.

2.1 Purpose of the building. Features of the functional process. Main groups of premises

According to its purpose, this building is a residential building with 48 apartments, i.e. it is intended for long-term residence of people and appropriate maintenance of their domestic and cultural needs, therefore the building must be equipped with all types of necessary public amenities (water supply, sewerage, heating, etc.).

The type of housing of the designed building is healthy housing (the number of rooms in the apartment is numerically equal to the number of people living in the apartment; there are 28 m 2total area of the apartment)

Space-planning units of this type the buildings are apartments; communication premises - corridors, stair-lift halls, mines; auxiliary - garbage chute.

In this course project, a twelve-story panel building was designed. The purpose of the building is to provide the necessary amenities and comfort to citizens who live in the building for a long time.

For optimal choice functional connection of the premises and, accordingly, their relative position, we will carry out zoning.

In the designed building, the following five zones of premises can be distinguished:

Input
household
Sanitary
Quiet
Residential

direct connection of premises

communication through the corridor

Rice. 1. Functional diagram of the premises.

2.2 Justification of the main groups of premises

The mutual arrangement of all rooms is designed in such a way as to minimize the time of access from one room to another, i.e. make the process faster.

The building has two elevators with a carrying capacity of 400 and 600 kg (according to /4/, the choice is determined by the number of storeys of the building and its area). Elevators are designed to move residents from floor to floor, lift luggage and cargo.

2.3 Description of the layout structure

All living rooms are lit with natural light in accordance with the requirements, the rooms in the apartments have separate entrances, the height of the room is 2.5 m. The kitchen is equipped with artificial exhaust ventilation, a sink, and an electric stove. The walls near the kitchen equipment are lined with glazed tiles, the rest - with washable wallpaper. The bathroom is equipped with a bathtub, washbasin and toilet.

The tambour is made double with insulated entrance doors and with the installation of heating devices both in the tambour and on the stairwell (2nd climatic zone). /4/

In the task, a staircase was designed, separated from residential apartments by fireproof partitions - a smoke-free staircase of the n1 / 2 / type. The choice of stairs is determined by the number of storeys of the building (12 floors) /4/. The entrance to the stairs is separated from the entrance to the elevators. The connection of stairs and elevators is only through the loggias.

Stairs made of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements. Staircase - two-flight with leaning on landings. The staircase has artificial and natural lighting through light blocks /4/. The width of the landing is 1.5 m, the slope of the stairs is 1: 2, the width of the march is 1.2 m according to /2/.

Door opening direction: floor-by-floor - towards the stairs, from the street - towards the stairs. /8/

In the vestibule, the doors open towards the exit from the building.

For vertical communications, two elevator prefabricated reinforced concrete shafts are provided with the installation of elevator units with a load capacity of = 400 kg and 600 kg. The choice of elevators is determined by the number of storeys of the building (12 floors) and its area /4/. Elevators are designed to move residents from floor to floor, lift luggage and cargo /2/. The machine rooms of the elevators are placed on the roof, which makes it possible to reduce the length of the leading ropes by almost three times, to simplify the kinematic scheme of the elevators, to reduce the load on the supporting structures of the building, and to abandon the arrangement of special rooms for blocks. Thus, the cost of elevators and operating costs are significantly reduced. However, such an upper arrangement of the engine room is less advantageous for acoustic and noise reasons.

2.4 Dealing with basic security issues

The evacuation of people from the building is carried out in the same ways as the movement of the main human flows. Smoke-free evacuation ladder is provided (ladder type n1 according to /4/).

From the point of view of fire safety, elevators and stairs are installed correctly, ensuring the free movement of human flows and excluding their intersection in the main directions. The distance from any point of the building does not exceed the required, the width of flights of stairs and landings are sufficient for the normal evacuation of people from the building. An emergency staircase has been arranged from the sixth to the twelfth floor.

2.5 Space-planning indicators

Economic indicators residential buildings is determined by their space-planning and design solutions, the nature and organization of sanitary equipment. An important role is played by the ratio of residential and utility areas designed in the apartment, the height of the room, the location of sanitary facilities and kitchen equipment. Projects of residential buildings are characterized by the following indicators:

building volume (m3) (including the underground part),
building area (m2 ),
total area (m2 ),
living area (m2 ),
area of summer premises (m2 ),

K1 - the ratio of living space to the total area, characterizes the rationality of the use of space.

K2 - the ratio of the building volume to the total area, characterizes the rationality of using the volume.

The building volume of the above-ground part of a residential building is defined as the product of the horizontal cross-sectional area per the level of the first floor above the basement (along the outer edges of the walls) and the height measured from the floor level of the first floor to the upper area of the thermal insulation layer of the floor.

The construction volume of the underground part of the building is determined as the product of the horizontal cross-sectional area along the outer contour of the building at the level of the first floor, at a level above the basement, by the height from the basement floor to the floor of the first floor.

The construction volume of vestibules, loggias, located in the dimensions of the building, is included in the total volume.

The total volume of a building with a basement is determined by the sum of the volumes of its underground and aboveground parts.

The built-up area is calculated as the area of the horizontal section of the building at the basement level, including all protruding parts that have coverings (porch, verandas, terraces).

The living area of an apartment is defined as the sum of the areas of the living rooms plus the area of the kitchen over 8 m2. .

total area apartments are calculated as the sum of the areas of residential and utility rooms of apartments, verandas, built-in wardrobes, loggias, balconies, and terraces, calculated with decreasing coefficients:

for loggias - 0.5, for balconies and terraces - 0.3.

The area of the premises is measured between the surfaces of walls and partitions at floor level. The area of the entire residential building is defined as the sum of the floor areas measured within the inner surfaces of the outer walls, including the balcony and loggias. The area of stairwells and various shafts is also included in the floor area. The area of the floor and the utility underground is not included in the area of the building.

Tab. 1. Volumetric and planning indicators

Number of floors12 Floor height, m2.8 Construction volume, m 318656,81Total area, m 2467,71Living area, m 2406,91Building area, m 2508,36TO 1= lived. area / total area406.91/467.910.87 TO 2= builds. volume / lived. area18656.81/467.9136.7

3. Design solution

3.1 Structural system

The constructive scheme of the building - wall (frameless).

Bearing are transverse and longitudinal walls with alternating step sizes, transverse rigidity is provided by transverse walls and floor slabs.

All prefabricated elements of the building are connected to each other with steel brackets with a diameter of 12 mm, the gaps between them are filled with M150 grade concrete. The wall panels are connected in height at two levels, the attached supports are welded to the outer panels at three levels.

The foundation of the building is the foundation slabs, on which the three-layer basement panels are based on rigid connections, through which the load is transferred from the building to the foundation.

The building is provided with loggias, the thickness of the single-layer wall panel on which the loggia slab rests is 250 mm. It is a carrier and transfers the load to the foundation.

Wall outer panels - three-layer on flexible connections with the use of an effective insulation - foam plastic 100 mm thick, required according to the heat engineering calculation. Wall panels 2.8 m high were used to form the outer walls of the building.

Ceilings are made of reinforced concrete slabs. Interfloor ceilings rest on 3 sides. Ceilings are made of M200 concrete with prestressed reinforcement.

Ribbed reinforced concrete slabs made of B6-B10 concrete, frost resistance F200, are used in the attic covering, which are covered with a layer of bitumen-butyl rubber mastic 1 mm thick, insulated with foam plastic (calculated as 160 mm). /7/

Roof with cold attic and roll roofing.

3.2 Structural elements

3.2.1 Foundations

Foundations - prefabricated panel. The foundation slab is designed flat.

We assign the depth of foundations depending on the normative depth of seasonal freezing of the soil.

Cellar wall panels in the underground part of the building are designed to withstand ground pressure. From rain filtering through the ground wall

Rice. 2. Foundation plate. protected by coating with hot bitumen twice.

To prevent the penetration of rain and melt water to the underground parts of the building, the surface of the building site is planned with a slope of 1% from the building. Around the entire building along the outer walls, a blind area with a width of 1000 mm and a slope of 0.03 is arranged.

Used as a foundation for an elevator monolithic slab(MP 1)

Tab. 2. Specification of foundation slabs

Foundation platesLengthWidthHeightFP 24.1623801600300FP 16.1216001180300

4.2.2 External panels

External panel walls are provided as load-bearing. The design of the panels is three-layer made of concrete and insulation (foam). The concrete layers of the panel are connected by flexible ties. Flexible tie structures consist of individual metal rods that ensure the assembly unity of the concrete layers with the independence of their static work. Flexible connections do not prevent thermal deformations of the outer concrete layer of the wall, excluding the occurrence of thermal forces in the inner layer. Elements of flexible connections are made of low-alloy steels resistant to atmospheric corrosion. The outer enclosing layer has only enclosing functions. Thickness of an internal layer - 120 mm. The outer layer is designed to be 60 mm thick and reinforced with welded mesh.

The minimum compression class for lightweight concrete is B10. Based on the heat engineering calculation, the thickness of the panels is assumed to be 280 mm. The outer wall panels are supported by a layer of cement mortar. The connection of panels of the loop-bracket type is formed by installing steel brackets in the hinged reinforcement outlets of the panels.

Open joints are used. Loads are transferred from panel to panel through the floor slab.

Rice. 3. Open joint.

The facade protective and finishing layer of the panels is made of ordinary solutions (with subsequent painting). From the inside, a finishing layer of mortar with a density of up to 1800 kg/m3 is applied to the panels. 3not more than 15 mm thick.

Fig.4. Outdoor panels.

Three-layer structures have significant advantages over single- and two-layer structures:

increased resistance to water penetration of the facade layer;

the ability to change the strength of the wall in a wide range (due to increasing the class of concrete, reinforcement and increasing the cross section of the bearing layer) and its heat-shielding qualities (due to heaters of various efficiency).

Such advantages make the wall construction of three-layer concrete panels universal.

3.2.3 Floors

Prefabricated reinforced concrete ceilings from panels with dimensions per structural and planning cell (panel per room) are used as load-bearing structures for floors. Floor panels are designed supported on three sides. The thickness of the floor panel is 140 mm.

Panels of solid section are molded from heavy concrete grade M 200.

Floor slabs are fastened between themselves and the walls of the building using steel anchors, which are made of round reinforcing steel with a diameter of 6 mm. The gaps between the floor slabs are sealed with concrete M 200. On the side surfaces of the floor panels there are keyed recesses that contribute to the formation of concrete keyed vertical joints between the panels (after embedding), perceiving vertical and horizontal shear forces. Mineral cork is laid at the junction of the ceiling with the outer walls so that cold bridges are not created.

Floor slabs have holes for ventilation blocks, holes for communications are punched in place.

The dimensions of the plates are indicated in the table, mm:

Tab. 3. Specification of floor slabs

DesignationheightwidthLengthP114018003600P214018007200P314036006000P414036004200P514018003600

3.2.4 Roof construction

The roof is an external structure that performs a complex of load-bearing and enclosing functions in the building. The outer covering of the roof is the roof. This roof is unused and therefore has a relatively low mechanical strength (compared to being used). In view of the above, the roof of the building in question contains load-bearing elements, waterproofing and a base under it. The load-bearing element of the roof is made of ribbed slabs; The base for the roof are layers of solid screed (from cement-sand mortar) and concrete of the supporting structure of the roof.

Rice. 5. Ribbed coating plates.

The attic is cold (the heat-insulating layer is located at the bottom of the attic space) and ventilated, the presence of a ventilated attic space reduces overheating of the upper floor rooms in the hot season and dries the structures above the rooms with a humid regime.

Taking into account the number of storeys and the space-planning solution of the building, a type of internal organization for the removal of atmospheric precipitation was adopted (through risers located inside the building - drainage systems. Two internal funnels are provided. To ensure drainage of the roof surface, a slope of 1.5% is attached.

The waterproofing of the roof is carried out by the installation of a multi-layer carpet made of technoelast. According to the adopted method of waterproofing, the concrete compressive strength class of roofing panels is B15.

That. The solution of the attic reinforced concrete roof was used in the following constructive version: with a cold attic and a rolled roof.

3.2.5 Loggias

The main load-bearing structure of the loggia is prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs. These plates are attached to the exterior panels and transfer the load to the studs and exterior walls. To avoid water leakage, the floor of the balcony is made 50-70 mm below the floor of the room. The width of the loggias is 1.2 m. A windscreen is designed along the edges of the loggia. The height of the fence is 1.05 m.

3.2.6 Partitions

Partitions are walls designed to divide large volumes limited by capital walls into separate rooms within the floor. Partitions are based on interfloor ceilings, and in the first floors on the floor structure without special foundations.

Panel reinforced concrete partitions with a normalized size per room are used. Partitions are made of multilayer 90 thick with a soundproof layer and with an air gap. To meet the sound insulation of the premises, it is necessary that J B - the calculated index of airborne sound insulation - the design of the partition was more than the normative (45 dB - for partitions between rooms and bathrooms of one apartment; 41 dB - for a partition without doors between rooms, between a kitchen and a room in an apartment), and J Y - calculated impact noise insulation index - less. It was in accordance with this requirement that the choice of partitions was made. Airborne Sound Insulation Index for 90mm Thickness J B =47 dB. (according to Table 7 /10/).

Fastening panels along vertical edges to load-bearing structures at two levels along the panel height. Fastening to the ceiling with a panel length of up to 1.5 m at one point, with a longer length - at two points. In this case, the attachment points are located at a distance of 0.5 m from the edge of the panel.

The fastening of reinforced concrete partition panels to external and internal walls, floor panels, as well as the connection of reinforced concrete partitions to each other, is carried out with brackets with overlays of various designs and ruffs (fasteners)

3.2.7 Windows, doors

The sizes of the windows are assigned in accordance with the normative requirements for natural light, architectural composition, savings in one-time and operating costs. According to the thermotechnical calculation, we accept a double-glazed window made of ordinary glass with an inter-glass distance of 6 mm in wooden or PVC separate bindings with R O tr \u003d 0.51 m2 O C/W.

The interlayers between the panes in a double-glazed window are airtight. The thickness of the layers of 6 mm is provided by spacer frames made of bent aluminum profile. Temperature gaps between the double-glazed window and the binding are created by supporting side and fixing gaskets made of frost-resistant rubber, the gaps are filled with non-hardening mastics. /5/

Rice. 6. Scheme of installation of the window unit.

The following window blocks are used to fill window openings (according to GOST 11214-78):

Tab. 4. Specification of window blocks

Designation Width (mm) Height (mm) OK-115101510

To fill doorways, panel wooden door panels with the following dimensions are used (according to GOST 24698-81*):

Tab. 5. Specification of door blocks

Designation Width (mm) Height (mm)

To ensure quick evacuation, all doors open outward in the direction of movement to the street, based on the conditions for evacuating people from the building in case of fire. For external wooden doors and on stairwells in the vestibule - boxes are arranged with thresholds, and for internal doors - without a threshold. Door leafs are hung on hinges (canopies) that allow you to remove the door leafs that are wide open from the hinges - to repair or replace the door leaf. To prevent the door from being open or slamming, special spring devices are installed that keep the door closed and smoothly return the door to the closed state without impact. Doors are equipped with handles, latches and mortise locks.

3.2.7 Stairs

The stairs are assembled from the same elements - a march with two half-platforms. Reinforced concrete stairs are used. The width of the flight of stairs is 1500 mm. With a floor height of 2.8 m and a step size h= 156 mm and b=300 mm, the number of risers in one march is n=10, the number of treads is n-1=9.

Rice. 7. Flight of stairs.

3.2.8 Floors

Floors are selected depending on the type of room and on the conditions of noise protection for a residential building. /10/

The bathrooms have a ceramic tile floor.

solid reinforced concrete slab (140 mm)
adhesive waterproofing (5 mm)
cement mortar screed (30 mm)
ceramic tiles (30 mm)

Rice. 8. Scheme of the floor of ceramic tiles.

In the living quarters, the floor is made of parquet boards:

To meet the sound insulation of the premises, it is necessary that JB - the calculated airborne noise insulation index - be greater than the standard (50 dB), and JY - the estimated impact noise insulation index - less than the standard (67 dB). We choose the floor design taking into account the recommendations.

Jv=53 dB, Jу=65 dB.

1.parquet boards (25 mm)

2.logs (100 * 25 through 400 mm)

.tape gaskets made of insulating fiberboard (12 mm)

.solid reinforced concrete panel (140 mm)

Rice. 9. Scheme of the floor from parquet boards

The main requirements for floors, in addition to soundproofing, are architectural, decorative and hygienic. The color and texture of the floor should correspond to the compositional solution of the interior, the floor covering should allow convenient and easy cleaning from dust and dirt. /3/

4. Engineering equipment

4.1 Engineering equipment systems

The main systems of engineering equipment of the building that create comfortable living conditions are power supply systems, telephone network, radio and television systems, heating, ventilation, water supply, heat and gas supply and sewerage systems.

4.1.1 Heating and ventilation systems

To create a microclimate that meets sanitary and hygienic requirements, stamped panel-type radiators and elements of the ventilation system are used. The building uses natural exhaust duct ventilation. Attached ventilation blocks are used as ventilation ducts. At the same time, the gap between the attached channel and the wall is filled with a heater to prevent cooling of the air moving through the duct and the associated decrease in the operating pressure. For heating the building, a central two-pipe heating system with a dead-end movement of the coolant and an upper wiring is used.

4.1.2 Water supply

The building is equipped with cold and hot water supply systems, subdivided according to their purpose into household, industrial and fire fighting systems. The water supply system is a dead end. The designed water supply systems are designed to provide residents with water of a given quality in the right quantity and under the necessary pressure. The following elements of the plumbing system are used: water tanks, booster pumping units, water metering units, valves, pneumatic installations, fire water pipelines, valves, etc.

4.1.3 Building sewerage system

A sewerage system is used to drain household and waste water from sinks, bathtubs, showers and other sanitary appliances, and a rainwater sewerage system (internal drains) is used to drain rain and melt water from the roof of the building. The internal sewerage system consists of the following elements: sewage receivers and a pipeline network

4.1.4 Lifts

In this project, a passenger-and-freight elevator with a carrying capacity of 400 kg, a lifting speed of 0.65-1 m / s, size (1750 * 1550 * 2100) and a load-lifting elevator of 600 kg, dimensions (1750 * 2550 * 2100) according to /4 /. The choice of elevators is determined by the number of storeys of the building (12 floors). The elevator shafts are designed as solid reinforced concrete, the elevator doors are automatic sliding. The engine room is located above the mine. The foundation for the mine is a monolithic reinforced concrete slab (concrete M 100). The seams between the elements of the shaft and the building structures are filled with cement-sand paste (M 200). The elements of the shaft are equipped with embedded parts for fastening the doors, cabin guides and counterweight. In order to soundproof between the walls of the shaft and the structures of the building, gaps of 20 mm are provided, filled with tarred tow.

4.1.5 Garbage chute

The trunk of the garbage chute must be airtight, soundproofed from building structures and must not be adjacent to living quarters. The garbage collection chamber should be placed directly under the trunk of the garbage chute with hot and cold water supply to it. The garbage collection chamber is not allowed to be located under the living rooms or adjacent to them. The clear height of the chamber must be at least 1.95 m. The pipe joints are covered with an asbestos-cement coupling. The trunk of the garbage duct rests on the landings with clamps from the corners. The garbage chute at the bottom ends in a garbage chamber with a storage bin. The accumulated garbage in the bunker is poured into garbage carts, loaded into garbage trucks and taken to the city waste dump.

At the top, the garbage chute has access to the roof to ventilate the garbage chamber and remove stagnant air from the stairwells, as well as smoke in case of fire, through garbage inlets.

The entrance to the garbage chamber is separate from the street.

4.1.6. Power supply and electrical devices

The laying of internal electrical networks is hidden.

Power grids are placed in special el. panels located in the stairwells. In email panels provide vertical and horizontal channels and a niche for floor shields. The niches are used for power distribution networks, equipment for communication devices - telephone, television, radio broadcasting. Electricity is supplied from a distribution substation of the general energy network.

In the building at the entrance, install intercoms or combination locks.

4.1.7 Lighting

Windows provide natural light. KEO en =1.5%

General uniform lighting (electric) is also provided

Fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps are designed as light sources. Equipment to be accepted in accordance with GOST 2239-79*

5. Architectural and compositional solution

The influence of the space-planning solution of the building on its architectural division is significant. This space-planning structure is characterized by horizontal division, corresponding to the height of the outer panels. The choice of scale is dictated by the location of the building in the development and the condition of visual perception of the composition determined by it from distant points of view in a panoramic view, the perspective of the highway and from limited distances.

In addition to the constructive cutting of the walls on the panel, a color generalization of divisions of the entire volume of the building is used. The color and structural cuts of the walls coincide, they overlap one another. The selected colors of the building and their combination are not difficult from the point of view of psychological perception, they are easily perceived by a person, without producing an overwhelming effect on the psyche.

The scale is clearly expressed - the relationship between the divisions of the architectural form and the dimensions of a person, which corresponds to the size of windows, loggia railings, floor height.

That. the most favorable perception of the building is achieved due to the structural and color cutting of the walls, which provide division and generalization of individual elements of the facade of the building; selected colors that are easily perceived by a person; scale, tectonics of the means of creating an architectural composition.

6. Thermal engineering calculation of external enclosing structures

The required resistance to heat transfer of the wall, which meets the sanitary and hygienic and comfortable conditions, determined by the formula:

n - correction factor for reducing the estimated temperature difference for fences (/2/ table 3 *);

We accept the temperature inside the room +18 (Appendix 4 /3/);

Estimated outdoor air temperature for the city of Yaroslavl - 31 (/4/, p. 13);

8.7 - coefficient of heat absorption of the inner surface of the building envelope (walls, ceilings) (/2/, table 4*);

4 °С - normative temperature difference between the temperature of the internal air and the temperature of the inner surface of the building envelope (/2/, Table 2).

Determine the degree-day of the heating period

221 is the number of days of the heating period.

GSOP==4862 °C day

according to the table 1 B /2/ find = 2.70

Based on the results obtained, we accept =2.7.

According to (/2/, appendix 1) the humidity zone for the city of Yaroslavl is B, normal. For calculation we accept a three-layer panel.

Penoplex g=40 kg/m3; l ut \u003d 0.04 W / (m * w); d-?.

Foam concrete g=800 kg/m3; l \u003d 0.47 W / (m * co); d=60 mm.

Reinforced concreteg=2500 kg/m3; l \u003d 2.04 W / (m * co); d=120 mm.

Rice. 10. Scheme of the wall.

23 - heat transfer coefficient of the outer surfaces of building envelopes for winter conditions (/2/, table 6*);

The thickness of a separate layer of fencing (m) is taken depending on the standard dimensions (modules);

Thermal conductivity of each structural layer (Appendix 3* /2/);

7 =1/8,7+1/23+0,12/2,04+0,06/0,47+/0,04

The thickness of the expanded polystyrene insulation is:

Examination:

R0adv=0.115+0.043+0.059+0.128+0.10/0.04=2.845

(m2 0C/W)

The condition is met. Therefore, we accept a foam insulation layer with a thickness of 100 mm, and the total wall thickness is 280 mm.

Calculation of attic coverage.

12 ; = 3°С; tv=14°C

The calculation is made in the same way:

Required resistance to heat transfer of the floor, meeting sanitary and hygienic and comfort conditions

Required resistance to heat transfer from the conditions of energy saving:

GSOP= (18+4) ?221=4862°C day

Based on the results obtained, we accept = 4.09.

Reinforced concrete floor slab;

1.86 W/ (m?s) /2/; ?=140 mm.

Foam insulation layer;

0.04 W/ (m?s) /2/.

We neglect very small values.

d is respectively equal to:

Examination:

The condition is met. We accept a layer of insulation from rigid foam boards with a thickness of 160 mm.

Window calculation

GSOP = (tv - tot. per.) zot. per.,

Where \u003d 18 - the estimated temperature inside the room;

tot. per = - 4 °С - the average temperature of the heating period for the year in Yaroslavl;

215 is the number of days of the heating period.

GSOP==4862 °C day

Required resistance to heat transfer from the conditions of energy saving:

0.51, (Table 9* /2/)

According to Appendix 6* /2/, we select the type of glazing: a double-glazed window made of ordinary glass with an inter-glass distance of 6 mm in separate wooden or PVC bindings, the heat transfer resistance of which is rf = 0.51.

7. Technical and economic indicators

Tab. 6. Technical and economic indicators of the designed building

NameIndicatorV page subtitle [m 3] 864,21V page overhead [m 3] 17792,6V common. [m 3] 18656,81S lived. [m 2] 406,91S total [m 2] 467,91S stuck [m 2] 508,36K 1= S lived. / S gen. 406.91/467.910.87 K 2= V page / Stot. [m 3/m2 ] 18656,81/467,9136,7

8. Comparison of possible variants of panel joints

The structural provision of the strength and rigidity of the joints is provided in accordance with the magnitude and nature of the power loads on each type of joint.

The design of horizontal joints is decided differently depending on the material of the wall, its thickness, the need for waterproof profiling, but the determining factor is the method of transmitting vertical compressive forces in the joint.

A flat horizontal joint supported along the entire length is used for lightweight concrete single-layer panels with a thickness of more than 350 mm.
A profiled horizontal joint with a ridge is used for lightweight concrete single-layer panels with a thickness of 350 mm or less or for 2- and 3-layer panels.
Contact horizontal joint with floor slabs supported on the wall panel by "fingers" has a maximum bearing capacity and is used for the most loaded walls.

Depending on the water protection system, there are:

Closed joints are designed with water and air insulation by sealing the outer zone with synthetic mastics over sealing cord gaskets. The presence of these gaskets provides the sealants with the possibility of free deformation. Provides the possibility of changing sealants. These joints are used in walls of any design, including walls made of non-concrete materials.
Drained ones are similar to closed ones, but supplemented with design features that allow floor-by-floor water to be drained to the outside, accidentally falling into the joint. The drainage device is a decompression cavity in the vertical joint, small holes and drainage aprons.
Open joints have an open mouth, where water is allowed to enter while preventing its penetration into the depth of the joint. Drainage is carried out by means of anti-rain ridges and aprons.

Conclusion

As a result of the work, a twelve-story panel residential building of a frameless system was designed on prefabricated panel foundations for the climatic conditions of the city of Yaroslavl; the functional process was carried out on the basis of the zoning of the premises.

The thermotechnical calculation of the wall, coating, filling the window opening was made. Technical drawings of the space-planning and constructive solution of the building have been developed.

Bibliographic list

SNiP 23-01-99 Building climatology M., Gosstroy, 2000. - 57 p.
SNiP II-3-79 * Construction heat engineering, Ministry of Construction of Russia, M., 1995. - 29 p.

3. Maklakova T.G. "Architecture of civil and industrial buildings". M., Stroyizdat, 1981. - 368 p.

SNiP 2.08.01-89 * Residential buildings, M., 1995. - 19 p.

SNiP 21-01-97 "Fire safety of buildings and structures / Gosstroy of Russia 1997 - 14 s.

SNiP 2.07.01-89* Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements, / Gosstroy. - M., 2000. - 57 p.

. "Architecture of civil and industrial buildings in five volumes, vol. III, Residential buildings, K.K. Shevtsov, M-Stroyizdat, 1983. 230 p.

Shereshevsky I.A. "Construction of civil buildings , L-Stroyizdat, 1981 - 176 p.

Kapustyan E.D. "Multi-storey residential buildings" - M: Stroyizdat, 1975

SNiP II-12-77 Protection from noise, M., 1996. - 12 p.

SNiP 2.03.13-88 "Floors / Gosstroy of the USSR, 1988 - 26 p.

SniP II-26-76. Roofs / Gosstroy of the USSR. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1978. - 23 p.

Applications

Appendix A. Normal of the main room (for this building - a two-room apartment)

1-table

2 sofa

Dinner table

kitchen wall

Introduction

In the last six months, the Russian Government has been paying great attention to low-rise construction, considering it as a real way to create housing for the middle class.

Dmitry Medvedev, who is responsible for the implementation of the Affordable Housing national project, in the spring of 2006 proposed to the president to expand the project by introducing a law on low-rise construction, since in most cases its cost is comparable, and sometimes even lower compared to a “normal”, high-rise building. Now we are talking not so much about a separate law, but about introducing an additional chapter into the Housing Code of the Russian Federation. According to the plan of the authorities, the construction of such settlements will be carried out by citizens' cooperatives, which will be provided with various benefits.

The new scale of capital construction requires the rapid development and technical improvement of the construction industry, a significant expansion of the volume of production, an increase in the quality of building materials and the maximum acceleration of construction work.

1. Affordable comfortable housing

Providing the population with comfortable and affordable housing is a priority building complex. In the current economic conditions, the profitability of the industry can be achieved by maximizing the use of funds from specific customers - both legal entities and individuals.

But sharpness housing problem reinforced by the lack of financial resources among the bulk of the population in need of housing.

This factor, as well as the relevance and importance of the task at hand, have intensified the activity of construction scientists at the present stage in search of effective ways to erect low-rise buildings. Thus, a technology was created and patented for the production of self-fixing wall building blocks that are fundamentally new for domestic practice and, on their basis, a technological process for erecting a residential building that provides the necessary strength, architectural, heat engineering qualities, speed and ease of assembly of structures.

The construction of low-rise buildings from self-fixing wall building blocks is primarily intended for the most massive, middle-income group of the population, which is not subject to social protection and forced to invest their own funds.

Residential buildings with one or two floors can be built in villages, small and medium-sized towns, as well as in suburban areas of large and large cities.

The proposed technology provides for the construction of all buildings on the estate. Depending on their purpose, the design of the block for building walls also varies: warm is used for a residential building; semi-warm - for buildings that contain livestock; cold - for a garage, a barn.

Due to the maximum unification of self-fixing wall products, simplicity and convenience of erecting walls without the use of mortar in the conventional way, high labor productivity are ensured. It does not require special training of working personnel.

The construction of objects can be carried out by a person of almost any profession. The fact is that the building blocks have a special design that contributes to their forced-correct laying.

. The relevance of low-rise construction

President of the Association "NESST" Yuri Shershnev presented a new element of the technology of monolithic low-rise housing construction - a metal mesh of a special shape as a fixed formwork. “With this type of wall production, lightweight concrete takes on a specific shape, as a result of which the entire structure of the house becomes several times more earthquake-resistant than with conventional structures, and, in addition, the load on the foundation is reduced by 6 times.”

3. Space-planning solution

Kitchens have an area of 10.5 to 17 m2 and are adjacent to load-bearing walls with ventilation shafts along the outer axes.

In all three-room apartments, with the exception of the corner apartment in wing B, there are "living rooms" adjacent to the "common rooms", which can be equipped as an office or other needs without disturbing the convenience of the general functioning of the premises. The area of each staircase is 26 m2, apartment owners can, in accordance with the procedure established by law, independently install partitions on staircases to create a common vestibule. The entrance node of the building consists of an external door, a vestibule and an internal door; the distance from the stairs to the inner door of the entrance unit is 890 mm. The canopies of the two front doors rest on the bearing walls along the axis D and along the axis 2 and 8. In front of the entrance to the entrance there are decorative side fences made of brickwork with dimensions of 2100 / 240 / 750 mm (L / W / H).

The project provides for all the necessary measures to ensure explosion and fire safety of the building, thermal protection and protection of building structures from corrosion. In addition, the conditions that provide the required comfort in the premises are met.

building design planning

4. Designs

The foundation is prefabricated reinforced concrete tape. The frame of the building (outer walls) is made of brickwork of ordinary clay bricks on a cement-sand mortar, insulation - expanded polystyrene. Cladding made of ceramic hollow bricks, fastening of insulation and facing layer - anchor. Plaster with cement-sand mortar δ = 10 mm.

Floor slabs of precast concrete 200 mm thick are placed perpendicular to the main façade. Bearing structures along axes 2, 3, 7, 8 are made of brickwork 240 mm thick and additionally reinforced with a steel frame

Reliable construction of apartment buildings

By investing in the project, the investor expects to make a profit. To date, the most demanded in the construction market of the country is housing, the design of which is a rather complex and time-consuming process. To extract the expected benefits from it, you should carefully analyze the plan for the construction of the building. You should start with:

Choosing a suitable area. The territory should be distinguished by good infrastructure, convenient transport interchange, environmental friendliness, etc.;
Analysis of the building site by survey teams;
Creation of a thoughtful and cost-effective project that meets the requirements of the law and generally accepted norms, rules, standards;
Formation of the necessary documents, their approval and obtaining permission to perform restoration work;
Selection and acquisition of high quality materials;
Start of construction;
Timely commissioning of the facility.

In addition to the above list, the total cost of the service:

General contract;
Author's supervision;
foreman;
landscape design;
Commissioning and more.

What is the construction of multi-apartment residential buildings?

The main feature in the construction of public buildings is the development of liquid apartments with a correct, convenient layout. The constructed premises should be distinguished by the presence of balconies or loggias, high ceilings (not less than 2.7 m), spacious bright rooms, wide corridors and kitchens, and the absence of walk-through hallways. Despite the fact that due to these nuances, the cost of construction apartment building will grow, still the profit from the sale of housing will remain high.

The most important thing in the construction of buildings is a solid foundation. It provides durability, reliability of a design and high operational abilities. It is followed by the construction of the frame and the laying of communications. The scheme of their implementation was formed even before the start of construction and design of apartment buildings. The organization of both internal and external engineering networks allows you to create the appropriate optimal comfortable conditions for the safe living of people.

Also, in the process of designing real estate objects, special attention is paid to the layout of load-bearing walls and ceilings, the proper, carefully thought-out design of which will ensure the strength of individual elements of the building and the building as a whole. The final stage in the construction of structures is the laying of the roof.

What should be considered when drawing up a project for the construction of an apartment building?

The construction of buildings for public consumption has a huge number of nuances, ranging from the choice of territory and ending with the commissioning of the building. To determine the terrain on which a high-rise building will be constructed, a series of geological, hydrometeorological, environmental, and geodetic studies should be carried out.

Offering housing to clients, the investor must create the appropriate conditions that are safe for the life of the population. Therefore, it is advisable to check the properties of soils, their restorative abilities, and the level of occurrence. If deviations from the norms are found, then professional employees of construction companies take precautionary measures (strengthening foundations, walls, ceilings, etc.).

Multi-family low-rise buildings and their construction also require a special approach that only specialized companies can provide. When making decisions on the construction of large-scale buildings, it is necessary to obtain expert advice and, if necessary, use their services.