Cost measurement of objects in accounting. Moscow State University of Printing. Valuation of fixed assets
Measurement is one of the main elements of the accounting method, which allows one to obtain quantitative indicators characterizing a specific object.
A feature of accounting is the measurement of the objects taken into account, without fail, in a cost or monetary measure. This meter in our country is the monetary unit - the ruble. The use of this universal meter allows you to generalize, “synthesize” the results of measurements of any objects, for any time periods, for any organization, their group, industry and for the republic as a whole. However, in the cost meter, only those objects that have value can be measured and reflected in accounting.
The value of a product (or any other accounting object) is the labor embodied in the product that is socially necessary for its production. In reality, this value manifests itself only in the process of buying and selling a product on the market in the form of its price, as a monetary expression of the value of the product.
The cost measurement covers all accounting objects: business assets and processes.
Cost measurement is characterized by two main elements of the accounting method: valuation and calculation.
The method of measuring the value of an object in a monetary measure is called valuation. When evaluating a product, it is compared and compared with the generally accepted unit of measurement - the ruble, with its reference value (purchasing power). The results of the assessment (i.e. measurement) of an object are expressed in a certain amount in rubles, which is its price.
A sustained and significant change in market prices for certain types of previously acquired funds of organizations leads to the need for their revaluation. Thanks to revaluation, the value of accounting objects is brought to their real, objectively established value in the market, and the difference from revaluation (revaluation or markdown) should be reflected in accounting as a separate business transaction or even an independent accounting object. The value of an object after revaluation is sometimes called the replacement value.
To reflect property and liabilities in accounting, the organization evaluates them in monetary terms.
The assessment of economic assets is the starting point of accounting and the real basis for its construction, since without monetary measurement at the present stage of development it is impossible to obtain general indicators. The objectivity of the characteristics of the organization’s resources, as well as the accuracy of determining financial results, depends on the correctness of the assessment, since a distortion of the amount of costs leads to an incorrect calculation of the amount of profit.
Calculation is a method of cost comparison of the processes of procurement of material assets, production of products, and their sale. Calculation, as a method of determining the actual cost of an object, is inextricably linked with the accounting system. It is in the system of synthetic and analytical accounts that the movement of spent funds is reflected, the amount of costs for the object is collected and data is prepared for calculations. Thus, the cost measurement of accounting objects in our economy is carried out by direct evaluation of them during purchase and sale outside the organization using a price system, or by calculating the actual cost if the object changes its value, is used or is newly created within the internal economic space of the organization .
19.Calculation of the cost of labor products. Cost elements
Costing – calculation of the unit cost of certain types of products, work performed and services provided. Costing is the final stage of accounting for production costs and output, during which costs are grouped and the cost of production is calculated using certain methods.
Cost calculations allow you to make more optimal management decisions, compare actual costs with planned ones, identify reserves and ways to further reduce material, labor and financial resources.
Costing begins with the use of data on production costs and the quantity of products received and ends with the calculation of the actual cost of production.
There are planned, project, normative, expected and actual calculations.
Planned (estimated) calculations determine the average cost of products or work performed for the reporting period (year, quarter or other period). They are compiled on the basis of progressive standards for the consumption of raw materials, materials, labor costs, use of equipment and cost standards for organizing production maintenance. These standards are average for the planned period.
Standard costing is used with the standard method of planning and cost accounting and is based on existing (current) standards.
Provisional (expected) calculation is compiled as of October 1 of the current reporting year based on actual accounting data for the past 9 months and estimated data on costs and output for the remaining period until the end of the reporting year. Expected costing data is used to preliminary determine the organization's performance results, as well as to develop measures to reduce product costs and increase production profitability for the time remaining until the end of the year.
Actual (reporting) costing is compiled on the basis of accounting data on the actual costs of production and reflects the actual cost of manufactured products (work performed, services rendered) for the reporting period. The actual cost serves as the basis for economic analysis, forecasting, planning and decision-making for the short and long term for the production, improvement or replacement of this type of product (work, service).
Also, calculations are divided depending on the location of expenses and the amount of costs included in the cost of production. There are self-supporting, production and full costing.
Self-accounting cost consists of the cost of inventory at planned accounting prices, actual labor costs, the cost of auxiliary production services at planned accounting prices and the amount of general business expenses according to estimates, actual general team (general workshop, general farm) expenses.
Production cost consists of self-supporting cost and the sum of deviations of the actual cost of materials from planned accounting prices, deviations of actual general economic expenses from the estimate.
Commercial cost (full) is the production cost and expenses associated with the sale of products.
Measurement - one of the main elements of the accounting method, which allows one to obtain quantitative indicators characterizing a specific object.
The following meters are used in accounting:
Natural – allow you to reflect the objects taken into account in measures of weight, length, volume (kg, m, l).
Labor – allow you to measure time worked in seconds, minutes, hours, days, etc.
Monetary (cost) is a universal universal meter. Allows you to make measurements in rubles and currencies. With its help, you can generalize heterogeneous objects.
A feature of accounting is the measurement of the objects taken into account, without fail, in a cost or monetary measure. This meter in our country is the monetary unit - the ruble. Cost dimension covers all accounting objects: business assets and processes. The cost dimension is characterized two main elements accounting method: valuation and calculation.
The method of measuring the value of an object in a monetary meter is called assessment . The results of the assessment (i.e. measurement) of an object are expressed in a certain amount in rubles, which constitutes its price. However, this price level on the market does not remain unchanged, since production conditions, demand, and supply change. A stable and significant change in market prices for certain types of previously acquired funds of organizations leads to the need for them revaluation. The value of an object after revaluation is sometimes called restorative.Fixed assets have 3 ratings: 1.initial cost.2.residual value.3.replacement cost.
Calculation (from calculo - to calculate) is a method of cost comparison of the processes of procurement of material assets, production of products, their sale, as well as individual stages, elements of the process of expanded reproduction (calculation of gross income, self-supporting cost, etc.).
Calculation, as a way of determining the actual cost of an object, is inextricably linked with the accounting system. It is in the system of synthetic and analytical accounts that the movement of spent funds is reflected, the amount of costs for the object is collected and data is prepared for calculations. For this purpose, collection-distribution and calculation accounts are used. The actual cost of new objects produced or changes in the cost of previously acquired objects as a result of the organization's activities is determined by calculation based on accounting data.
The need to use cost measurement in accounting practice is due to the operation of the law of value and the presence of commodity-money relations.
Thus, the cost measurement of accounting objects in our economy is carried out by direct evaluation of them during purchase and sale outside the organization using a price system, or by calculating the actual cost if the object changes its value, is used or is newly created within the internal economic space of the organization .
5. Accounting: concept, classification, basic rules (principles)
The balance sheet is a way of summarizing and grouping assets, capital and liabilities in monetary terms at a certain point in time, has the form of a two-sided table, the left side is the asset of the balance sheet, and the right side is the liability of the balance sheet. It must contain mandatory equality of results: the sum of all asset items on the balance sheet must be equal to the sum of all liability items on the balance sheet.
Balance Features
1. Fixed assets are reflected in the balance sheet according to residual value ( difference between accounts 01 and 02)
2. Intangible assets are shown in the balance sheet only at their residual value (the difference between accounts 04 and 05)
3. Own shares purchased from shareholders (account 81) are an active object of accounting, but are shown in the liabilities side of the balance sheet in parentheses, and when calculating the total of section 3, they are subtracted
4. If as a result financially economic activity, the organization receives a loss, then its value is shown in the third section of the liability side of the balance sheet in parentheses, and when calculating the total of the section, it is subtracted
By method of formation:
The balance sheet characterizes in monetary terms the property of an economic entity and the sources of formation of property as of a certain date. The balance sheet is compiled by the company's accounting department by calculating account balances.
The working balance, in addition to fund balances and sources of property formation at the beginning and end of the period, contains data on their movement during the reporting period.
By frequency:
Introductory (starting) balance - the first balance drawn up at the beginning of the company's activities
The annual balance sheet is the final balance sheet, which is the end of the reporting year and serves as a justification for opening accounts in the new reporting year.
An interim balance sheet is provided for a period shorter than a full accounting year and is usually a shortened form of a regular report.
Balance sheets being sanitized are compiled in a situation where the company is on the verge of bankruptcy.
Liquidation balance sheets are compiled to characterize the property status of the company upon termination of its activities as a legal entity.
By degree of readiness:
Preliminary balance - prepared in advance at the end of the reporting period, taking into account expected changes in the composition of the company's property.
The final balance sheet is a reporting document on the production and financial activities of the company for a certain period of time.
By level of consolidation:
A single balance sheet reflects the activities of one company.
Consolidated (consolidated) balance sheet - a summary report on activities and financial results parent and subsidiary companies as a whole.
The separation balance sheet is drawn up when one business entity is divided into several legal entities or when allocating a certain share of capital from a single balance sheet to form a new organization.
System of accounting accounts, their classification; double entry, chart of accounts.
In accounts based on primary accounting documents, current data is accumulated and systematized only on homogeneous facts of economic life. There are three types of accounts:
1. Active
2. Passive
3. Active-passive
Active accounts are for accounting for the organization’s property (assets), and passive accounts are for accounting for capital and liabilities. The structure of the accounts is the same - a two-sided table, debit on the left, credit on the right. Account balances at the beginning and end of the month - balance. The amount of business transactions that increases or decreases during the reporting month is called turnover. The amount of business transactions for the reporting month reflected in the debit of the account is called debit turnover (debit turnover). The amount of business transactions for the reporting month, reflected on the credit of the account, is called credit turnover (loan turnover).
Accounts in which the balance can be both debit and credit are called active-passive. If the account balance is both debit and credit, it is called expanded. The final balance is called collapsed.
All business transactions are reflected according to their content in the accounting accounts using the double entry method, that is, the amount of each transaction is reflected twice in the debit of one account and the credit of another account. The relationship between accounts that arose as a result of recording transactions on them using the double entry method is called correspondence of accounts, and the accounts themselves are called correspondent.
To obtain indicators of varying degrees of detail, two types of accounts are used:
Synthetic
Analytical
Synthetic - give a generalized idea of the facts of economic life; they reflect the data of economic groupings of homogeneous means, their sources and operations. They are maintained only in monetary terms. Based on its data, all items of the balance sheet and other reporting forms are filled out. Analytical accounts are opened in the development of a certain synthetic account in the context of its types, parts, articles; bringing analytical accounts uses not only monetary measures, but also natural and labor ones.
For the correct and clear construction and organization of accounting, a clear list and specific characteristics of each accounting account are necessary. Such a document is the chart of accounts. The chart of accounts is based on the classification of accounts according to their economic content.
All accounting accounts are divided into 3 categories:
1. First order accounts - synthetic accounts
2. Second-order accounts - sub-accounts
3. Third order accounts - analytical accounts
The chart of accounts provides only synthetic accounts and subaccounts.
Synthetic accounts are encrypted in the chart of accounts from 01 to 99, some account numbers are left free for the introduction of new accounts if necessary.
Analytical accounts are determined by the organization at its discretion.
Currently, the chart of accounts consists of 8 sections of balance sheet accounts and 1 off-balance sheet section. Off-balance sheet accounts have three-digit coding 001, 002,...
These accounts are intended to account for objects that do not belong to the organization, but are in its temporary possession.
Entries in off-balance sheet accounts are made when funds are received only by debit, and when funds are withdrawn only by credit.
Double entry does not apply to off-balance sheet accounts.
7.Documents: concept, classification, purpose. Organization of document flow.
Documents – a written order to perform a fact of economic life or confirmation of a fact of economic life.
Since 01/01/2013, organizations have been using independently developed primary documents, which are approved by the head of the organization. Cash and bank documents cannot be changed.
1. As intended
a. Organizational and administrative - Reflect issues of the general management of the enterprise and its economic activities (Order, check, power of attorney)
b. Exculpatory, executive - confirm the fulfillment of a fact of economic life (PKO, RKO, waybill)
c. Accounting documentation - attached to administrative or supporting documents (costing, distribution sheet, accounting certificate)
d. Combined - simplify accounting processing and the number of documents (Payroll, limit and withdrawal card)
2. By degree of generalization
a. Primary - for the first time reflect accomplished facts of economic life (act, receipt, receipt)
b. Secondary - compiled on the basis of primary documents, summarizing data and grouping economic phenomena (Advance report (accountable persons draw up), calculation)
3. By way of information coverage
a. One-time - reflect one business transaction (Cash receipt order, request for the issuance of materials)
b. Cumulative - Reflect homogeneous transactions performed at different times and periodically repeated (Outfit, limit-fence card).
4. At the place of compilation
a. Internal - Compiled and executed in a given organization (Timesheets, payroll)
b. External – payment order
5. By the number of accounting positions
a. One-line – contain one position (outfit)
b. Multi-line – will contain several positions and names (consignment note)
TO accounting documents the following requirements apply:
1. They must be drawn up in a timely manner, that is, at the time of the transaction or immediately after its completion
2. The document must be reliable and also have clear content
In the order of accounting policy The forms of primary documents developed at the enterprise must be approved.
The list of persons authorized to sign primary accounting documents is approved by the head of the organization in agreement with the chief accountant. Documents used to document business transactions with funds are signed by the head of the organization and the chief accountant.
Monetary valuation is a method of measuring the value of accounting objects to determine the indicators of the production and financial activities of an organization. With help monetary value natural indicators (facts) are converted into cost ones, which allows them to be reflected in accounting. Only after assessment does a business fact become an object of accounting.
The rules for assessing property received by an enterprise in various ways differ. Thus, the assessment of property acquired for a fee is carried out by summing up the actual expenses incurred for its purchase; property received free of charge - at market value on the date of recording of the property; property produced in the organization itself - at the cost of its production.
General rules for assessing funds for all enterprises are established by law.
Fixed assets and intangible assets are reflected in accounting at their historical cost, i.e. according to the actual costs of their acquisition, production, construction. The amount of accrued depreciation is accounted for separately. In the balance sheet, these assets are reflected at their residual value - the original cost minus the amount of accrued depreciation over the period of operation of the objects.
As a result of the revaluation of fixed assets, the original cost is translated into replacement cost, which characterizes the modern costs of acquiring a similar fixed asset.
Inventories are valued at actual cost, which includes the purchase price, procurement costs, delivery, intermediary fees, and customs duties. Materials consumed in production can be assessed at cost:
each unit;
average (defined as the quotient of dividing the total cost of inventories by their quantity);
first in time purchases (FIFO). Material resources entering production must be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions, taking into account the cost of assets listed as available at the beginning of the month;
most recent purchases (LIFO). Resources entering production must be valued at the cost of the latter in sequence according to the time of acquisition. Inventories at the end of the reporting period are carried at the cost of early acquisitions.
Products, works and services of own production during the accounting period (year) are assessed at the actual costs of their production (with monthly calculation of the actual cost) or at the planned cost (in agriculture and a number of other industries). In the latter case, the planned cost of capitalized products, work performed and services rendered at the end of the year is brought to the actual cost by additional accrual or write-off - reversal.
Settlements with debtors and creditors are reflected in amounts arising from accounting records and supported by documents.
Thus, in accounting, the main type of valuation of economic assets is the actual cost, which is determined using calculation.
Costing is a method of calculating the cost of products, work performed and services rendered, as well as material resources and products sold (work, services). In costing, there is a difference between the grouping of costs by elements and by costing items.
Grouping by item allows you to determine what was spent on a given object.
Grouping by elements allows you to establish the purpose of costs in the production process and the method of assigning them to costing objects.
The object of calculation is a product or product of economic activity (semi-finished product, finished product, group of similar products or products, volume of work or services), as well as a technological stage (processing stage, part of production, etc.).
A costing unit is a measure of a costing object.
Depending on the stage of compilation, there are normative, planned (estimated) and actual (reporting) calculations.
Standard costing is the amount of costs that an organization can spend on a costing unit of output in accordance with standards.
Planned (estimated) costing is the amount of costs attributed to each product, group (type) of products in accordance with the preliminary calculation of costs for the planned period or type of work.
Actual (reporting) costing is compiled on the basis of actual costs for a specific type of product in the accounting period.
The cost per unit of production is determined as follows: all costs that relate to a specific type of product are divided by its quantity.
Accounting for the production process. Accounting for the process of selling products and goods. Quantitative indicators are: for an industrial enterprise, indicators of the quantity produced and products sold; for transport organizations, the volume of goods transported; for trade turnover. Qualitative indicators make it possible to assess the economic feasibility of business operations or processes taking place at the enterprise: profit and profitability, labor productivity, cost per unit of production, etc.
Share your work on social networks
If this work does not suit you, at the bottom of the page there is a list of similar works. You can also use the search button
Other similar works that may interest you.vshm> |
|||
| 5789. | Basic provisions on business companies. Legal regulation of business entities | 39.93 KB | |
| Limited liability company Additional liability company Closed and open joint stock company Subsidiary and dependent companies Legal regulation. Limited liability company Additional liability company Closed and open joint stock company Subsidiary and dependent companies | |||
| 14380. | DEVELOPMENT OF QMS PROCESSES OF THE COMPLEX “MEASUREMENT, ANALYSIS, IMPROVEMENT” LLC “MIP “MICROWINE MAKING” | 362.53 KB | |
| The use of a wide variety of different grape varieties and processing procedures in wine production has led to an increase in the number of wine products offered on the market. Despite the complex chemical composition of natural wine and the wide variety of its types, recently grape wine has increasingly become an object of falsification. A certain volume of these products is illegally imported | |||
| 2015. | Methodological foundations of social technologies | 36.63 KB | |
| Methodological foundations of social technologies. The changes currently taking place in the field of social technologies are a technological revolution brought to life by a combination of constantly gaining strength factors that are increasingly covering the global social space. The rapid renewal of all spheres of social life of a significant part of the planet's population, civilization is acquiring the dynamics of social change, and the zones of traditionalism are constantly narrowing. In addition, mutations and borrowings of technological systems are occurring at a noticeable pace, as well as... | |||
| 897. | Methodological foundations of empirical research | 76.36 KB | |
| Theoretical substantiation of the problem of motivation for educational activities. Structure and features of motivation. Interest as a mechanism of educational motivation. Conditions for the formation of educational and cognitive motivation. | |||
| 14811. | Methodological foundations of innovative activities of firms | 27.41 KB | |
| Methodological foundations of innovative activity of firms General concepts about innovation Trends and types of development Innovation spiral Innovation period of economic development Concept of the essence and content of innovation Classification of innovation Functions of innovation Sources innovative opportunities. It appears that under stable economic development should be understood as a development that ensures the reproduction of all factors of production and economic system in general, which can only be achieved by... | |||
| 6809. | Theoretical and methodological foundations of engineering psychology | 12.65 KB | |
| Traditionally, the subject of engineering psychology is defined as follows: Engineering psychology is a scientific discipline that studies the objective laws of the processes of information interaction between man and technology with the aim of using them in design practice | |||
| 5259. | Essence, role and methodological foundations of management | 166.87 KB | |
| The essence of management and management Management as a system of scientific knowledge. Management as an art Managers and entrepreneurs common features and differences Levels of management and groups of managers List of references The essence of management and management In order to understand the essence of management, you need to define an organization. Relationship general functions management and their interaction in the process of implementing the management cycle can be illustrated in the form of a diagram... | |||
| 2446. | Methodological foundations of organization personnel management | 28.44 KB | |
| Philosophy of personnel management Philosophy of personnel management is an understanding of the meaning of the purpose and content of personnel management, its emergence of ideas and goals underlying it, connections with other management sciences. The philosophy of personnel management examines the process of personnel management from several sides: logical, psychological, sociological, economic, organizational and ethical. The essence of the organization's personnel management philosophy is that: = employees have the opportunity... | |||
| 7347. | Theoretical and methodological foundations of strategic management | 122.71 KB | |
| It formulates the main goals and the main ways to achieve them in such a way that the enterprise receives a single direction of movement. Strategic management is the process of making and implementing strategic decisions, the central link of which is strategic choice based on a comparison of one’s own resource potential enterprise with the opportunities and threats of the external environment in which it operates. Prerequisites and main stages of development of strategic management at Russian enterprises changes in the external environment... | |||
| 14148. | Theoretical, legal and methodological foundations of evidence in criminal proceedings | 38.66 KB | |
| Criminal procedural form of evidence. Epistemological nature of evidence. Truth as the goal of proof. The law of evidence and the theory of evidence The emerging new legal reality urgently requires the abandonment of dogmatic ideas about the main criminal procedural institutions that impede their effective implementation. | |||
Valuation of fixed assets
Valuation of intangible assets
Valuation of profitable investments in material values
Inventories
Unfinished production
Selling expenses
Future expenses
Items for resale
Goods shipped, work delivered and services provided
Cash
Extra capital
Reserve capital
retained earnings
Reserves for future expenses
Obligations to legal and individuals
Valuation as a method of cost measurement of accounting objects
To truly determine the state of an organization’s financial and economic activities, an assessment of its property and liabilities is necessary. Valuation of accounting objects. accounting depends on the types of objects and accounting purposes.
Valuation of property and liabilities is a way of expressing in accounting and reporting certain types of property and the sources of their formation in monetary terms.
For organizations of all forms of ownership, a unified procedure for assessing property and liabilities has been established:
1) property, liabilities and business transactions are valued in rubles;
2) entries in the ledger. accounting for foreign currency accounts, as well as for transactions in foreign currency carried out in rubles by converting foreign currency at the exchange rate Central Bank of the Russian Federation in force on the date of the transaction. At the same time, these entries are made in the currency of settlements and payments;
3) buh. Accounting for property, liabilities and business transactions may be kept in amounts rounded to whole rubles. The resulting amount differences are attributed to the results of economic activities.
Property valuation is carried out as follows:
purchased for a fee - by summing up the actual costs incurred for its purchase;
received free of charge - at market value on the date of capitalization;
produced in the organization itself - at the cost of its production, including actual costs associated with the production of the property.
Valuation of fixed assets
Fixed assets in accounting are assessed by type: initial cost, replacement cost, current value, residual value.
The initial cost of fixed assets acquired for a fee is recognized as the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, construction and production, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by law Russian Federation).
The actual costs for the acquisition, construction and production of fixed assets are:
1) amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller), as well as amounts paid for delivering the object and bringing it into a condition suitable for use;
2) amounts paid to organizations for carrying out work under a construction contract and other contracts;
3) amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of fixed assets;
4) customs duties and customs fees;
5) non-refundable taxes, state duties paid in connection with the acquisition of fixed assets;
6) remunerations paid to the intermediary organization through which the fixed asset was acquired;
7) other costs directly related to the acquisition, construction and manufacture of fixed assets.
General and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquisition, construction or production of fixed assets, except when they are directly related to the acquisition, construction or production of fixed assets.
Actual costs for the acquisition and construction of fixed assets are determined (decreased or increased) taking into account the amount differences that arise in cases where payment is made in rubles in an amount equivalent to the amount in foreign currency (notional monetary units). The amount difference is understood as the difference between the ruble valuation expressed in foreign currency (conventional monetary units) accounts payable for payment of an item of fixed assets, calculated at the official or other agreed rate on the date of its acceptance by accounting, and the ruble valuation of this accounts payable, calculated at the official or other agreed rate on the date of its repayment.
The initial cost of fixed assets received by an organization under a gift agreement (free of charge) is recognized as their current market value on the date of acceptance for accounting as investments in non-current assets.
If it is impossible to determine the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization, the value of fixed assets received by the organization under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined based on the cost at which similar fixed assets are acquired in comparable circumstances.
Capital investments V perennial plantings, for radical improvement of land are included in fixed assets annually in the amount of costs related to the areas accepted for operation in the reporting year, regardless of the completion date of the entire complex of work.
The assessment of an item of fixed assets, the cost of which upon acquisition is expressed in foreign currency, is made in rubles by recalculating the amount in foreign currency at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation effective on the date the item was accepted for accounting as an investment in non-current assets.
The cost of fixed assets in which they are accepted for accounting is not subject to change, except in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization, partial liquidation and revaluation of fixed assets.
Replacement cost is the cost of reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions.
commercial organization may not more than once a year (at the beginning of the reporting year) revalue groups of similar fixed assets at current (replacement) cost.
When making a decision on revaluation of such fixed assets, it should be taken into account that subsequently they are revalued regularly so that the cost of fixed assets at which they are reflected in accounting and reporting does not differ significantly from the current (replacement) cost.
Revaluation of an object of fixed assets is carried out by recalculating its original cost or current (replacement) cost, if this object was revalued earlier, and the amount of depreciation accrued for the entire period of use of the object.
Sв = Sp x (Jв/Jп),
where Sв is the replacement cost of the fixed asset;
Sp - its initial cost;
Jв - price index (inflation) on the date of calculation of replacement cost;
Jв - price index (inflation) at the time of acquisition of the object.
Current replacement cost - amount in cash(or its equivalent), which must be paid at market prices if replacement with similar new objects is necessary.
Residual value is the original or replacement cost less accumulated depreciation.
Fixed assets - operating, mothballed or in reserve - are accounted for in reporting at their residual value. In accounting they are reflected at initial or replacement cost.
Valuation of intangible assets
An intangible asset is accepted for accounting at its actual (initial) cost, determined as of the date it was accepted for accounting.
1) amounts paid in accordance with the agreement on the alienation of the exclusive right to the result of intellectual activity or to a means of individualization to the right holder (seller);
2) customs duties and customs fees;
3) non-refundable amounts of taxes, state, patent and other duties paid in connection with the acquisition of an intangible asset;
4) remunerations paid to the intermediary organization and other persons through which the intangible asset was acquired;
5) amounts paid for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of an intangible asset;
6) other expenses directly related to the acquisition of an intangible asset and providing conditions for using the asset for the planned purposes.
