home Contributions Organization of accounting of fixed assets. Accounting of fixed assets of the enterprise Status of accounting of fixed assets

Organization of accounting of fixed assets. Accounting of fixed assets of the enterprise Status of accounting of fixed assets

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Introduction

As you know, the economic activity of an industrial enterprise consists of three continuous interrelated economic processes: supply (procurement and acquisition of material and technical resources), production and its marketing (sales). These processes are carried out simultaneously, for which the labor of workers, fixed and working capital is used. Therefore, the most important objects accounting at an industrial enterprise - fixed and current assets in their movement. The significance of fixed assets in social production is determined by the place that instruments of labor occupy in the development of productive forces and production relations.

In recent years, the regulatory framework for accounting for fixed assets has changed significantly. Along with the release of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Accounting", the Regulation on Accounting "Accounting for Fixed Assets" (PBU 6/01) was introduced. The Goskomstat of Russia has developed and put into effect standard intersectoral forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting for fixed assets. Serious amendments and additions to the Laws of the Russian Federation “On the Fundamentals tax system in Russian Federation”, “On value added tax” and a number of other Laws of the Russian Federation.

These and other regulatory documents have made significant changes to the technique and methodology of accounting and taxation of fixed assets.

Fixed assets play a huge role in the labor process, as they together form the production and technical base and determine the production capacity of the enterprise.

Over a long period of use, fixed assets enter the enterprise and are transferred to operation; wear out as a result of operation; are repaired, with the help of which their physical qualities are restored; move within the enterprise; leave the enterprise due to dilapidation or inexpediency of further use. One of the indicators of the effective use of fixed assets is an increase in: their operating time (by reducing downtime); shift coefficient; productivity (based on the introduction of new equipment and technology); return on assets (i.e., an increase in output, the volume of work and services performed for each ruble of fixed assets).

Under the conditions of economic reform, the role of accounting and control over the rational use of all resources, including fixed assets, is increasing.

The purpose of this work is to consider the issues of accounting for fixed assets.

The objectives of this course are:

To study the theoretical material, the current regulations in the field of accounting for fixed assets, to be aware of the latest changes in legislation;

Put forward proposals for improving the accounting of fixed assets, mainly in terms of automation and computerization of accounting, as well as proposals for the introduction of International Accounting and Reporting Standards.

The paper gives a detailed classification and structure of fixed assets and presents an assessment of fixed assets.

Chapter1 . In theorye basics of accounting for fixed assets

1.1 Fixed assets as an object of accounting

In order to carry out business activities, the company must have certain assets. The part of this property that has a service life of more than a year is referred to as fixed assetsami.

Accounting for fixed assets is regulated by the “Regulations on Accounting of Fixed Assets”, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 30, 2001 No. 26n (PBU 6/01), as well as Methodological Guidelines for Accounting of Fixed Assets, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 20, 1998 No. 33n (as amended on March 28, 2000)

Accounting regulation "Accounting for fixed assets" PBU 6/01 (approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 30, 2001 No. 26n) defines fixed assets as a part of property used as means of labor in the production of products, performance of work or provision of services, or to manage the entity for a period exceeding 12 months, or the normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months.

The main assets include:

structures

working and power machines and equipment

measuring and control instruments and devices, computer technology

vehicles

Tools, production and household inventory and accessories

· worker

Productive and pedigree livestock, perennial plantings

· On-farm roads and other relevant facilities.

Fixed assets also include: capital investments for radical land improvement (drainage, irrigation and other land reclamation works); capital investments in leased fixed assets; land plots, nature management objects (water, subsoil and other natural resources).

Fixed assets include land, nature management facilities, buildings and structures, working and power machines and equipment, computers, vehicles, etc.

The accounting unit of fixed assets is inventory item - a complete device with all accessories, or a structurally isolated object capable of independently performing the necessary functions in accordance with its intended purpose. If the device consists of several parts with different useful lives, then each of them is considered in accounting as an independent inventory object.

When accepting assets for accounting as fixed assets, the following conditions must be met at a time:

a) use in the manufacture of products, in the performance of works or services, or for the management needs of the organization;

b) long term use, i.e. useful life, lasting more than 12 months or normal operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months;

c) the entity does not intend to resell those assets;

d) the ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future.

The useful life is the period during which the use of an item of property, plant and equipment generates income for the organization. For certain groups of fixed assets, the useful life is determined based on the amount of production (volume of work in physical terms) expected to be received as a result of using this object.

1.2 classificationfixed assets and their valuation

The classification of fixed assets is carried out in accordance with the All-Russian classifier of fixed assets, approved by the Decree of the State Standard of the Russian Federation of December 26, 1994 No. 359.

The classification of fixed assets is carried out according to the following criteria:

1. Having a material - natural form, the so-called material fixed assets and "intangible" - intangible fixed assets (nematereal assets).

Tangible fixed assets in the balance sheet are presented in the “Non-current assets” section under the item “Fixed assets” with a decoding: “land plots and objects of nature use”, “buildings, machinery and equipment”, that is, non-depreciable and depreciable are clearly distinguished.

2. The degree of human participation in the creation of individual objects:

a) direct participation - the so-called "man-made fixed assets" (buildings, machines, etc.);

b). Without human participation - the so-called "non-man-made fixed assets" (land plots and nature management objects - water, subsoil and other natural resources).

3. Sectors of the national economy (24 sectors, including industry, real estate transactions, information and computing services, general commercial activities to ensure the functioning of the market, etc.).

4. Groups.

The list of groups is established by the All-Russian Classifier of Fixed Assets (OKONF). It is part of the Unified System for the Classification and Coding of Technical, Economic and Social Information (ESKK) of the Russian Federation and was developed to replace the All-Union Classifier of Fixed Assets. OKOF was put into effect on January 1, 1996.

It includes tangible and intangible fixed assets. Tangible fixed assets are represented by the following groups:

1) buildings;

2) structures;

3) machinery and equipment;

4) measuring and control instruments and devices;

5) dwellings;

6) computer technology and office equipment;

7) vehicles;

8) tool;

9) production and household inventory;

10) working, productive and breeding stock;

11) perennial plantations;

12) other types of tangible fixed assets.

Clause 2.2 of PBU 6/01 and the Regulation on Accounting and Reporting in the Russian Federation specifies the above list of groups. At the same time, the following groups are additionally identified in both regulatory documents:

Capital investments in the fundamental improvement of land and in leased facilities;

Land plots, objects of nature management;

Capital investments in perennial plantings.

5. Functional purpose, i.e. the nature of participation in the production process:

a) industrial - production;

b). production purposes of other sectors of the national economy;

c) non-production (objects of the social sphere).

6. The degree of use in the production process:

a) operating, i.e. in operation, functioning;

b). Inactive, i.e., installed but not in operation (for example, under repair, under construction, etc.);

c) in reserve, i.e., not installed and intended to replenish decommissioned facilities;

d) in a state of conservation.

7. Accessory:

a) own;

b) leased.

Grade fixed assets is made in accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for fixed assets" PBU 6/01 (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 30, 2001 N 26n).

1. Fixed assets are accepted for accounting at their original cost.

2. The initial cost of fixed assets acquired for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, construction and manufacture, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

The actual costs for the acquisition, construction and manufacture of fixed assets are:

the amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);

· amounts paid to organizations for the implementation of work under a construction contract and other contracts;

· amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of fixed assets;

· registration fees, state fees and other similar payments made in connection with the acquisition (receipt) of rights to an item of fixed assets;

· customs duties;

non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of an item of fixed assets;

· remuneration paid to an intermediary organization through which an object of fixed assets was acquired;

· accrued before the acceptance of the object of fixed assets for accounting interest on borrowed funds, if they are attracted for the acquisition, construction or manufacture of this object;

Other costs directly related to the acquisition, construction and manufacture of fixed assets.

General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs for the acquisition, construction or manufacture of fixed assets, except when they are directly related to the acquisition, construction or manufacture of fixed assets.
The actual costs for the acquisition and construction of fixed assets are determined (reduced or increased) taking into account the amount differences arising in cases where payment is made in rubles in an amount equivalent to the amount in foreign currency (conventional monetary units). Under sum rahnice means the difference between the ruble valuation expressed in foreign currency (conventional monetary units) accounts payable on payment for the fixed asset item, calculated at the official or other agreed rate on the date of its acceptance for accounting, and the ruble valuation of this accounts payable, calculated at the official or other agreed rate on the date of its repayment.

The reflection in accounting of the sum differences arising from the acquisition of fixed assets, and VAT on them, depends on when the sum difference arises - before or after the commissioning of the acquired fixed assets. It is also necessary to take into account whether it has a production or non-production purpose and how the fixed asset is used: in the production and sale of products (works, services) subject to VAT, or not subject to taxation by this tax.

3. The initial cost of fixed assets contributed to the authorized (reserve) capital of an organization is their monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

4. The initial cost of fixed assets received by an organization under a donation agreement (free of charge) is their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.

5. The initial cost of fixed assets received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is recognized as the cost of valuables transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The value of valuables transferred or to be transferred by an entity is based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the entity would normally determine the value of similar valuables.

6. If it is impossible to establish the value of the valuables transferred or to be transferred by the organization, the cost of fixed assets received by the organization under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary funds is determined based on the cost at which similar fixed assets are acquired in comparable circumstances.

7. The initial cost of fixed assets, determined in accordance with paragraphs 2, 3, 4 and 5, also includes the actual costs of the organization for the delivery of objects and bringing them into a condition suitable for use.

8. Capital investments in perennial plantings, for radical land improvement are included in fixed assets annually in the amount of costs related to the areas accepted for operation in the reporting year, regardless of the date of completion of the entire complex of works.

9. The cost of fixed assets, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except for the cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for Fixed Assets" PBU 6/01 (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 30, 2001 .N26n). A change in the initial cost of fixed assets, in which they are accepted for accounting, is allowed in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, partial liquidation and revaluation of fixed assets.

10. commercial organization may not more than once a year (at the beginning of the reporting year) revaluate groups of homogeneous fixed assets at their current (replacement) cost by indexing or direct recalculation at documented market prices. When deciding on the revaluation of such fixed assets, it should be taken into account that they are subsequently revalued regularly so that the cost of fixed assets at which they are reflected in accounting and reporting does not differ significantly from the current (replacement) cost. The amount of the revaluation of the fixed asset as a result of the revaluation is credited to the additional capital of the organization. The amount of the revaluation of an item of fixed assets, equal to the amount of its depreciation carried out in previous reporting periods and charged to the profit and loss account as operating expenses, is charged to the profit and loss account of the reporting period as income. The amount of the write-down of an item of property, plant and equipment as a result of the revaluation is charged to the profit and loss account as an expense. The amount of depreciation of an item of fixed assets is included in the reduction of the additional capital of the organization, formed at the expense of the amounts of revaluation of this item, carried out in previous reporting periods. The excess of the amount of the writedown of the object over the amount of its revaluation, credited to the additional capital of the organization as a result of the revaluation carried out in previous reporting periods, is charged to the profit and loss account as an operating expense. When an item of fixed assets is disposed of, the amount of its revaluation is transferred from the additional capital of the organization to the retained earnings of the organization.

11. The valuation of an item of fixed assets, the value of which upon acquisition is expressed in foreign currency, is made in rubles by recalculating the amount in foreign currency at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, effective on the date of acceptance of the item for accounting.

The initial cost for fixed assets is:

for buildings and structures with a contract method of their construction - the estimated cost of the object, for construction in an economic way - the actual cost of their construction;

· for equipment - the amount of acquisition costs, including the cost of delivery, installation, installation, etc.;

· for fixed assets received free of charge - their cost according to the accounting data of the transferring party, with the addition, if necessary, of the costs of delivery and installation of the object;

· for fixed assets that were in use and purchased for a fee - the actual costs of acquisition, delivery and installation.

The cost of building or acquiring fixed assets at market prices valid on a certain date is called restorative. It is usually used to calculate the buyout price for long-term leases (leasing) and is determined by independent experts (appraisers).

Initial cost of fixed assets(replacement, if a revaluation was carried out), reflected in accounting, is also called the carrying amount.

Residual value of fixed assets funds is their book value minus depreciation in monetary terms.

Liquidation value- the cost of useful waste (scrap metal, spare parts, firewood, etc.) received after the liquidation or sale of the facility and taken into account in the conditional assessment.

1.3 Regulatoryfixed asset base

1. Federal Law "On Accounting" dated November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ.

2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Parts I and II.

3. Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n.

4. Chart of accounts for financial and economic activities of the organization and Instructions for its application. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n.

5. Regulation on accounting "Accounting for fixed assets" PBU 6/01. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated March 30, 2001 No. 26n.

6. Guidelines for accounting of fixed assets. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 20, 1998 No. 33n.

7. Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated June 13, 1995 No. 49.

8. Album of new unified forms of primary accounting documentation. Approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated October 30, 1997 No. 71a.

9. Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Part 2. Federal Law of August 5, 2000 No. 117-FZ.

11. "On the procedure for calculating and paying the tax on profits of enterprises and organizations to the budget." Instruction of the Ministry of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees dated June 15, 2000 No. 62.

13. "On the reflection in accounting operations under a leasing agreement." Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated February 17, 1997 No. 15.

14. All-Russian classifier of fixed assets. Approved by the Decree of the State Standard of Russia dated December 26, 1994 No. 359.

15. "On clarifying the procedure for calculating depreciation and revaluation of fixed assets." Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 24, 1998 No. 627.

16. Instructions on the procedure for reflecting in accounting and reporting the results of the revaluation of fixed assets as of 01.01.96. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 12.19.95 No. 130.

17. "On the procedure for the application of regulatory documents on depreciation policy and revaluation of fixed assets in 1998". Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated September 22, 1998 No. VG-1-23/3747.

18. "On the reflection in accounting of certain operations in the housing and communal services." Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 29, 1993 No. 118.

19. "On the forms of financial statements of the organization." Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated January 13, 2000 No. 4n.

Chapter2 . Organization of accountantsTerek accounting of fixed assets

2.1 Availability accountingand receipts of fixed assets

Fixed assets can be received by the enterprise in one of the following ways:

1. Acquisition for a fee or in exchange for other property;

2.Construction and manufacturing;

3. Contribution by the founders to the account of contributions to the authorized capital;

4. Gratuitous receipt;

5.Other occasions.

Accounting for the availability and movement of fixed assets owned by the enterprise is carried out on the active account 01 "Fixed assets".

Account 01 "Fixed assets" reflects fixed assets at their original cost:

The cost of buildings, structures, equipment, vehicles and other individual items of fixed assets acquired by the enterprise is reflected using account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”. This account is used to reflect in accounting all the costs of the enterprise associated with the acquisition and commissioning of fixed assets, and thus performs the functions of a costing account. Analytical accounting on account 08 is maintained for each acquired or created object.

The inventory value of buildings, structures, equipment, vehicles and other individual fixed assets consists of the actual costs of their acquisition and the costs of bringing them to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes.

Fixed assets purchased for a fee from other enterprises and persons, as well as created at the enterprise itself, are reflected in the debit of account 01 “Fixed assets” and the credit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”. Fixed assets received from other organizations and persons free of charge are reflected in the debit of account 08 and the credit of account 98 “Deferred income” at market value; when a fixed asset received free of charge is put into operation, its value is written off from the credit of account 08 to the debit of account 01 funds". Depreciation for these fixed assets is accrued in the generally established manner, at the same time, debit 98 and credit 91 “Other income and expenses” are posted on the amount of accrued depreciation.

Acceptance for accounting of fixed assets contributed by the founders on account of their contributions to the authorized capital is reflected by posting debit 08 credit 75, then debit 01 credit 08.

When acquiring fixed assets from a foreign supplier (by import), the initial cost of fixed assets is recognized as the amount of actual costs for their acquisition. The costs incurred by the organization in foreign currency are reflected in the relevant accounting accounts in rubles at the exchange rate Central Bank RF on the date of the transaction. When accepting the received fixed asset for accounting, the resulting exchange differences are written off to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

Under a lease agreement for fixed assets, the lessor undertakes to provide the lessee with property for a fee in temporary possession. The lessor takes into account the leased property on its balance sheet as part of its own fixed assets. The lessee accounts for property received for temporary use under a lease agreement on off-balance sheet account 001 "Leased fixed assets".

The enterprise can independently manufacture or construct fixed assets. In this case, the debit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” reflects all the actual costs of the enterprise associated with the creation of the object, namely: the cost of the materials used, wage employees and contributions to off-budget funds, the cost of work by third-party organizations, depreciation of fixed assets of the enterprise used to create a new item of fixed assets, other expenses. This way of creating fixed assets is called economic.

The organization may also conclude an agreement on the creation of fixed assets with a specialized organization. In this case, the debit of account 08 will reflect the cost of work performed in accordance with the contract. This method of creating fixed assets is called contracting.

When acquiring fixed assets, the buyer, in addition to the cost of the fixed asset, pays the seller the amount of value added tax. The amount of VAT on the acquisition of fixed assets is accounted for on b / c 19 sub-account "Value Added Tax on the acquisition of fixed assets". After the actual payment and if there is an invoice, this VAT amount is debited from the credit b / c 19 -1 to the debit b / c 68 “Settlements with the budget”.

Sub-account 19-1 "Value added tax on the acquisition of fixed assets", active:

Upon receipt of equipment requiring installation, its cost is reflected in the debit of account 07 "Equipment for installation" in correspondence with account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors". The amount of VAT on the received equipment is reflected in the debit of account 19 "VAT" and the credit of account 60.

Installation of equipment is fixed by the presence of expenses in the certificate of the amount of work performed on the installation of this equipment, drawn up in the prescribed manner.

When carrying out construction and installation work in an economic way, the cost of the equipment transferred for installation is written off from the credit of account 07 to the debit of account 08.

Account 07 "Equipment for installation", active:

2.2 Accounting for depreciation of fixed assets

Depreciation(depreciation) is a reflection of the cost of physical and obsolescence of fixed assets. Depreciation makes it possible to transfer part of the book value of fixed assets to the cost of production.

If materials and raw materials are written off to cost as they are written off to production in the full amount, then fixed assets are written off in parts.

Firstly, this is due to the fact that fixed assets are not transferred directly to products (works, services). Secondly, the life of fixed assets exceeds one year. Thirdly, the cost of fixed assets, as a rule, is high and including it immediately in the cost price will cause undesirable financial consequences.

Depreciation of fixed assets is carried out using one of the following methods of depreciation calculation:

The linear way

reducing balance method

the method of writing off the cost by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life,

The method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works, services).

The application of one of the methods for a group of homogeneous items of fixed assets is carried out during the useful life of the item of fixed assets. The useful life of an item of fixed assets is determined by the organization when accepting the item for accounting.

The useful life of an item of fixed assets is determined based on:

· the expected period of use of this object in accordance with the expected productivity or capacity;

expected physical wear, depending on the operating mode (number of shifts), natural conditions and the influence of an aggressive environment, the repair system;

· Regulatory -- legal and other restrictions on the use of this object (for example, the lease term).

In cases of improvement (increase) of the initially adopted normative indicators of the functioning of an item of fixed assets as a result of the reconstruction or modernization, the organization reviews the useful life of this item.

During the useful life of an object of fixed assets, the accrual of depreciation deductions is not suspended, except when they are under reconstruction and modernization by decision of the head of the organization, and fixed assets transferred by decision of the head of the organization for conservation for a period of more than 3 months.

Fixed assets with a value of no more than 2,000 rubles per unit, as well as purchased books, brochures, etc. publications are allowed to be written off to production costs (sales costs) as they are put into production or operation. In order to ensure the safety of these objects in production or during operation, the organization must organize proper control over their movement. Objects of fixed assets, consumer properties of which do not change over time (land plots and nature management objects), are not subject to depreciation.

Accrual of depreciation charges on an object of fixed assets begins on the first day of the month following the month of acceptance of this object for accounting, and is carried out until the cost of this object is fully paid off or this object is written off from accounting.

Accrual of depreciation deductions on an object of fixed assets is terminated from the first day of the month following the month of full repayment of the cost of this object or write-off of this object from accounting.

At linear method, the amounts of deductions are the same for the entire period of operation. The second and third methods are non-linear. With their application, the amount of depreciation deductions in previous years is greater than in subsequent ones.

Using reducing balance method the annual amount of accrued depreciation is determined on the basis of the residual value of the fixed assets item, accepted at the beginning of each reporting year, and the depreciation rate calculated when this item is registered based on its useful life and the acceleration factor, which is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. At present, multiplying factors can be applied in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 08/19/94 No. 967 (as amended on 06/24/98).

Depreciation is calculated using the following formula:

And \u003d First * (On / 100) * (K1 + K2 + ... + Kn-- n + 1), where

And- depreciation for the reporting period,

First- the initial cost of fixed assets,

On the-- rate of depreciation,

To-- correction factors (applied in case of deviation from the standard conditions for the use of fixed assets).

The amount of depreciation for fully depreciated fixed assets is not charged.

Accounting for accumulated depreciation of fixed assets is kept on account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”, on the credit of which the amount of annual depreciation charges is recorded, and on the debit - the accumulated depreciation of sold, liquidated or otherwise retired fixed assets.

Account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets", passive:

Analytical accounting on account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” is carried out by types and individual inventory items of fixed assets.

When calculating depreciation, the enterprise transfers part of the cost of fixed assets to the cost of fixed assets, which is equal to the difference between the original (replacement) cost and depreciation.

This process is reflected in the balance sheet by a decrease in non-current assets, which are accounted for by residual value.

Depreciation is not charged for:

machines, equipment and other similar means of labor, which are listed at the enterprise as goods or finished products;

housing stock;

· objects of external improvement and other similar objects of forestry, road facilities, specialized structures for navigation, etc.;

· productive livestock, buffaloes, deer;

Perennial plantings that have not reached the operational age;

· mobilization capacities, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The accrual of depreciation is suspended at facilities that, by decision of the head of the organization, are being modernized - as work on their restoration with a period of more than 12 months (previously - with a period of 3 months).

Thus, depreciation is accrued for all items of property, plant and equipment over their useful lives, except for the time the items are located on:

conservation with a period of more than three months. At the same time, the conservation procedure is established by the head of the organization, and it applies to objects located in a certain complex, or objects that have a complete production cycle;

Restoration (carrying out works on their reconstruction, modernization, overhaul and other repair and restoration work) with a period of work exceeding 12 months.

2.3 Maintenance cost accountingmaintenance and repair of fixed assets

According to the volume and nature of the repair work performed, there are capital and Maintenance fixed assets. They differ in complexity, volume and deadlines.

Maintenance consists of daily maintenance of machines and equipment in order to keep them in working condition. The scope of work for the current repair provides for the lubrication and adjustment of individual components and parts, the replacement of some of them with new ones, but without disassembling the unit. For other types of fixed assets (buildings, structures, etc.), other terms and a different nature of repair (whitewashing, painting, etc.) are established.

Major renovation means:

for equipment and vehicles - complete disassembly of the unit, repair of basic and body parts and assemblies, replacement or restoration of all worn parts and assemblies with new and more modern ones, assembly, adjustment and testing of the unit;

for buildings and structures - the replacement of worn-out structures and parts or their replacement with more durable and economical ones that improve the operational capabilities of the repaired objects, with the exception of the complete replacement of the main structures, the service life of which in this object is the longest (stone and concrete foundations of buildings, pipes of underground nets, mot supports, etc.).

Repairs of fixed assets can be carried out in an economic way (by the organization itself) or by a contract (by outside organizations).

In both cases, a list of defects is created for each repaired object. It specifies:

the work to be done,

Start and end dates for repairs

Parts to be replaced

norms of time for work and production of replaceable parts,

Estimated cost of repairs by item of expenditure.

The actual costs associated with the repair or payment for the repair of fixed assets, organizations can debit the accounts of accounting for production costs (20 "Main production", etc.) from the credit of the corresponding material, cash and settlement accounts (accounts 10 "Materials" , 70 "Calculations for wages", etc.). On the accounts of production costs and distribution costs, the costs of repairing fixed assets are reflected in the corresponding cost elements (material costs, labor costs, etc.).

For major repairs carried out by a contract, the organization enters into an agreement with the contractor. Acceptance of a completed overhaul is documented by an acceptance certificate (f. No. OS -3). Completed capital works are paid to the contractor based on the estimated cost of their actual volume.

Organizations can create a repair fund to accumulate funds for the implementation of repair work, especially in organizations with seasonal production. To account for the repair fund, a sub-account "Reserve for the repair of fixed assets" is opened to account 96 "Reserves for future expenses".

Sub-account "Reserve for the repair of fixed assets" to account 96 "Reserves for future expenses", passive:

Account 96 "Reserves for future expenses"

Organizations can first take into account the costs of repairing fixed assets in the debit of account 97 “Deferred expenses” (from the credit of material, settlement and other accounts), and from this account during the year, as a rule, evenly write off to production costs (circulation). It is advisable to use this option for accounting for fixed asset repair costs in those organizations of seasonal industries where the bulk of the fixed asset repair costs fall in the first months of the year, when the repair fund has not yet been created.

VAT on expenses for the repair of fixed assets, carried out both by economic and contract methods, is accounted for on account 19 in the generally established manner. To this account, a sub-account "Value Added Tax on Works Performed, Services Rendered" can be opened.

Repair and maintenance of fixed assets for non-production purposes is carried out at the expense of the profit of the organization. The actual expenses for the repair of such fixed assets are written off to the debit of account 99 “Profit and Loss” from the credit of material, cash and settlement accounts (10, 70, 60, 69, 76, etc.). VAT on the repair of fixed assets for non-production purposes is written off to the debit of account 99 and does not apply to the reduction of settlements with the budget.

2.4 Accounting operadisposal of fixed assets

The cost of an item of fixed assets that is retired or not permanently used for the production of products, performance of work and provision of services, or for the management needs of the organization, is subject to write-off from accounting.

The disposal of an item of fixed assets takes place in the following cases:

sale of other legal and individuals;

write-off or liquidation as a result of moral or physical wear and tear;

transfers under contracts of exchange, donation and other types of gratuitous transfer of objects;

liquidation of fixed assets in case of accidents, natural disasters and other emergencies;

transfer to the tenant in connection with the transfer of ownership of objects previously leased with the right to purchase;

non-use for the purposes of production of products or works or for other management needs;

for other reasons.

If a fixed asset is written off as a result of its sale, then the proceeds from the sale are accepted for accounting in the amount agreed by the parties in the contract.

Incomes and expenses from write-offs of fixed assets from the accounting records are reflected in the accounting records in the reporting period to which they relate. Income and expenses from writing off fixed assets from accounting are subject to crediting to the profit and loss account as operating income and expenses.

Accounting for operations on the disposal of fixed assets is carried out as follows. On account 01, a sub-account "Retirement of fixed assets" can be opened. The debit of this sub-account of the account reflects the initial cost of fixed assets, and the credit shows the amount of accumulated depreciation on retired fixed assets. The residual value of the retired fixed asset is written off to the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” in correspondence with account 01.

For example, the initial cost of a retired fixed asset is $10,000. The amount of depreciation for this fixed asset at the time of disposal was 2,000 rubles.

Fixed assets transferred as a contribution to the authorized capital of other organizations are reflected at a cost determined by agreement of the parties, in the debit of account 58 "Financial investments" and the credit of account 91. The initial cost of the transferred fixed assets is debited from the credit of account 01 "Fixed assets" subaccount "Retirement of fixed assets", and the depreciation amount - the debit of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" and the credit of the subaccount "Retirement of fixed assets". Additional costs associated with the transfer of fixed assets are written off to the debit of account 91 from the credit of the corresponding accounts.

For example, the initial cost of a fixed asset to be contributed to the authorized capital is 10,000 rubles, the depreciation amount is 2,000 rubles. By agreement of the parties, fixed assets are contributed to the authorized capital at a cost of 15,000 rubles.

2.5 Forms of primary documentsfixed assets accountant

Accounting for fixed assets is carried out on the basis of the following primary documents:

· act of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets, invoice for the internal movement of fixed assets;

· act of acceptance and transfer of repaired, reconstructed and modernized facilities;

Act on the liquidation of fixed assets;

Act on the liquidation of vehicles, inventory card of fixed assets;

· card of accounting for the movement of fixed assets, an inventory list of fixed assets;

Inventory book of fixed assets.

The receipt of fixed assets is documented by an act of acceptance, which is drawn up and signed by a commission appointed by the head of the enterprise.

The acceptance document states:

Characteristics of the object of fixed assets;

its location;

the source of financing for its acquisition;

year of manufacture or construction;

date of commissioning;

· test results, etc.

Simultaneous acceptance(posting) of the same type of tools, machines, household equipment, etc. objects having the same value can be drawn up in one act.

Each item of fixed assets accepted for accounting is assigned inventory number. It is preserved during the entire period of operation of the object and is indicated on it (a token is attached, an inscription is made with paint, etc.). It is not allowed to assign inventory numbers of decommissioned items of fixed assets to newly received items, as this can lead to errors in accounting.

The acceptance certificate is transferred to the accounting department, where an inventory card is created indicating the inventory number of the object and basic data about it (original or replacement cost, depreciation rates, depreciation at the time of acceptance).

2. 6 Inventory of fixed assets

The procedure for conducting an inventory of fixed assets and reflecting its results in accounting is regulated by the "Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 13.06.95).

Purpose of inventory- confirm the availability of fixed assets in kind at the places of their operation or location according to accounting data.

Inventory of fixed assets is a mandatory procedure in the following cases:

· in case of reorganization of the enterprise (merger, division, accession, spin-off, transformation) as of the balance sheet date);

when changing financially responsible persons (on the day of acceptance and transfer of cases);

· after natural disasters (immediately after their end);

· upon revealing the facts of theft, as well as damage to such property (immediately after the establishment of such facts);

in other cases stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation or regulations of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

An inventory of fixed assets can be carried out once every three years, and of the book fund of libraries - once every five years.

Other deadlines for conducting an inventory have the right to establish the head of the enterprise. He also determines the composition of the inventory commission.

Before conducting an inventory, the correctness of the execution of primary accounting documentation for the presence and movement of fixed assets (inventory cards or books, technical passports, acceptance certificates, etc.) is also specified.

Financially responsible persons must confirm in writing that all receipts and expenditure documents for fixed assets have been submitted to the accounting department. The accepted objects are capitalized, and the retired objects are written off as expenses. Such an approach in the future will help to avoid possible conflicts between members of the inventory commission and persons with liability.

The actual availability and technical condition of the objects are established by the members of the inventory commission together with financially responsible persons by direct inspection at the location.

The test results are entered into inventory lists (f. no. inv.-1) manually or by means of computer technology in the context of each name of the object, with the obligatory indication of their inventory number.

Unrecorded fixed assets, as well as fixed assets for which a shortage is identified, are recorded in a separate inventory list (form No. inv.-18).

For fixed assets used by the enterprise on a lease basis, regardless of its nature (short-term or long-term), a separate inventory list is drawn up in two copies. One copy remains with the enterprise, and the other is sent to the address of the lessor.

Objects that in accounting relate to the active part of fixed assets (machinery, equipment, vehicles) are shown in the inventory list with a detailed breakdown of their technical characteristics and factory inventory number.

If the object has undergone restoration, reconstruction, expansion or re-equipment and as a result its main purpose has changed, then it is entered in the inventory under the name corresponding to the new purpose.

The commission shall transfer the appropriately executed inventory lists to the accounting department for compiling a collation statement. This statement includes only those objects for which there are discrepancies with accounting information.

The identified surpluses of fixed assets are accounted for in the debit of account 01 "Fixed assets" and the credit of account 99 "Profit and loss". In case of shortage and damage to fixed assets, the amount of depreciation is written off by posting: debit of account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” and credit of account 01. The residual value of fixed assets is debited from the credit of account 01 to the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”. When specific culprits are identified, the missing or damaged fixed assets are valued at market value and written off from the credit of account 94 to the debit of account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations”. The difference between the market price and the residual value of fixed assets is reflected in the debit of account 94 and the credit of account 98 "Deferred income". As the debt is repaid by its culprit, the corresponding part is written off from account 98 to the credit of account 99 “Profit and Loss”.

If the specific culprits are not identified, then the missing and damaged fixed assets are written off from the credit of account 94 to the costs of production (circulation) by decision of the head of the organization.

Chapter3 . Directions for improving the existing predacceptancesfixed asset accounting systems

3.1 The possibility of creating a single standard for automation toolsafixed asset accounting

There are now more and more firms producing and distributing accounting automation software. Unfortunately, mastering the acquired programs is a rather complicated process, and if two enterprises have programs from different companies installed, then a lot of time is spent on retraining an accountant.

In this case, it can be proposed, in addition to introducing a standard for forms for the primary accounting of fixed assets in the conditions of accounting on a computer, to introduce a standard for accounting software.

The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation in cooperation with the Informatization Committee under the President of the Russian Federation may be the competent authority to develop such a solution.

The main thing to consider when developing a standard is the possibility of changing it as the accounting system improves and providing room for improvement. software so as not to curtail competition between firms operating in this area.

3.2 Introduction of an additional contactrole behind asset accounting

The introduction of additional control over the accounting of fixed assets by the management of the enterprise is considered very important. This means viewing the accounting documents by the manager, studying the regulations in force in this area. This approach will make it possible to more rationally spend funds on the acquisition of fixed assets, spend less time persuading management of the need to purchase a particular object, and increase the discipline in the use of fixed assets by employees of the enterprise.

In addition, it is necessary to introduce an analysis of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets, according to accounting data under the direct control of the head of the enterprise. In this case, the manager will receive a more complete picture of the state of affairs at the enterprise.

3.3 Possibility of introduction international standards in terms of depreciation of fixed assets

One of the ways to improve the organization of accounting of fixed assets is the focus on International Accounting and Reporting Standards. Currently, there are 31 International Standards, of which Standard No. 4, “Accounting for depreciation charges”, which came into force on January 1, 1977, directly relates to fixed assets.

The introduction of International Accounting Standards will improve the quality of accounting for fixed assets and control over accounting. At the same time, the enterprise will receive a more flexible and reasonable accounting system with the ability to take into account the peculiarities of its activities.

Consider the general provisions of IFRS 16 "Fixed assets" and PBU 6/01 "Accounting for fixed assets".

IFRS 16. Used to account for property, plant and equipment, unless another International Financial Reporting Standard requires or permits a different accounting treatment.

IFRS 16 does not apply to:

1. forests and other similar objects of natural resources being restored;

2. rights to mineral resources, to the exploration and extraction of mineral resources, oil, natural gas and similar non-renewable resources.

However, the standard applies to property, plant and equipment used to develop or support an activity or associated with the use of the assets listed in paragraphs 1 and 2 that may nonetheless be separated from that activity or assets (paragraph 2 of IFRS 16).

Fixed assets in accounting

In accordance with PBU 6/01 "Accounting for Fixed Assets", an asset is accepted for accounting as part of fixed assets, provided that the following conditions are met simultaneously (clause 4):

the object is intended for use in the production of products, in the performance of work or the provision of services, for the management needs of the organization or for provision by the organization for a fee for temporary possession or use;
the object is intended for use for a long time, i.e. a period lasting more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;
the organization does not assume the subsequent resale of the object;
the facility is capable of delivering economic benefits to the organization in the future.

At the same time, they are not fixed assets (clause 3 PBU 6/01):

machinery, equipment and other similar items that are listed in the warehouses of manufacturing organizations as finished products or in the warehouses of trade organizations as goods;
items handed over for installation or to be installed, which are in transit;
capital and financial investments.

The accounting unit of fixed assets is an inventory object (clause 6 PBU 6/01). This provides analytical accounting of fixed assets.

Fixed assets in accounting in 2017 with a unit cost of 40,000 rubles or less, PBU for accounting for fixed assets 6/01, allows accounting as part of the inventory (clause 5 PBU 6/01). Each organization approves the cost criterion independently in its own.

Organization of fixed assets accounting

The procedure for organizing accounting of fixed assets in accordance with RAS 6/01 is established by the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting of Fixed Assets (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of October 13, 2003 No. 91n).

We can say that the accounting of fixed assets and intangible assets is generally characterized by the unity of approaches. In the accounting of these objects, there is a commonality of the principles of initial and subsequent valuation, depreciation, accounting for receipts and disposals. At the same time, however, synthetic accounting of fixed assets is kept on a separate account 01 "Fixed assets", and intangible assets - on account 04 "Intangible assets" (). Therefore, the acceptance of fixed assets for accounting is reflected as the Debit of account 01 - Credit of account 08 "Investments in non-current assets", and the receipt of intangible assets - Debit of account 04 - Credit of account 08. Answers to questions on how to keep records of the receipt and disposal of fixed assets are contained not only in PBU 6/01, Guidelines, but also Instructions for the application of the chart of accounts (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n).

Fixed assets are accepted for accounting at their original cost (clause 7 PBU 6/01). But the procedure for determining it depends on how the fixed asset entered the organization (for a fee, free of charge, in exchange for other property, etc.). How to determine the initial cost in such cases is indicated in paragraphs 8 - 11 PBU 6/01.

Along with the issues of accounting for the receipt and disposal of fixed assets, their depreciation is of particular interest, as we talked about.

Typical postings on account 01 when accounting for the receipt of fixed assets, accounting for the disposal of fixed assets, on account 02 when they are depreciated, as well as accounting entries for revaluation, we considered in.

We also recall that the accounting for the lease of fixed assets is kept separately. Accounting for leased fixed assets from the lessee is kept on the balance sheet on account 001 "Leased fixed assets", and from the lessor, as a rule, on a separate sub-account to account 01.

What about fixed assets? How to correctly account for fixed assets in accounting? What is depreciation and how is it calculated?

Fixed assets in accounting

The fixed assets of an enterprise are property that is used as a means of labor for the production of goods, the provision of services, the performance of work, or for the management of an institution for a period that is more than 12 months, or an operating cycle that exceeds 12 months.

As for fixed assets:

buildings
working equipment
power machines
measuring instruments and control devices
computer technology
means of transport
tools
household supplies and inventory
production and productive, breeding and working cattle
perennial plantations
on-farm roads and other relevant facilities

Also, among the fixed assets take into account:

capital investments for the purpose of radical land improvement (irrigation, drainage and other land reclamation works)
investments in fixed assets on a leasehold basis
plots of land, objects of natural resources (subsoil, water and other resources)

Fixed assets that are intended only to be provided by the institution for a monetary reward for temporary use and possession or for temporary use for profit are reflected in accounting, as well as financial statements as part of profitable investments in tangible assets.

The asset is accepted by the institution for accounting as a fixed asset, in case of simultaneous fulfillment of the following conditions:

purpose of the object - use in the production of goods, for the provision of services or in the performance of work; for the management needs of the institution or for the provision by the institution for a monetary reward for use of temporary or temporary use and possession
the purpose of the object is to use it for a long time, that is, a period whose duration is more than 12 months or an operating cycle that is more than 12 months
the institution does not plan further resale of this object
it can bring economic benefit (profit) to the institution in the future

OS depreciation

In the process of operation, the fixed asset transfers its value to the cost of production using depreciation. Depreciation charges are calculated monthly over the entire useful life of the asset.

Useful life - is the period during which the use of an object that is a fixed asset brings economic benefits (profit) to the institution. For a number of fixed assets, such a period is determined by the amount of production (volume of work in physical terms), which is expected to be obtained as a result of using this object.

Documents on fixed assets:

In accounting, it is very important to properly document the movement of fixed assets.

Funds are accepted for accounting only on the basis of the relevant primary documentation:

act of acceptance and transfer: form OS-1, used to account for all fixed assets, with the exception of structures and buildings, form OS-1a - to account for structures and buildings, form OS-1b - when accounting for groups of fixed assets, with the exception of structures and buildings
the act of acceptance of equipment in the form of OS-14
the act of acceptance and transfer of equipment for installation in the form of OS-15

For each item of fixed assets, an inventory card should be opened:

form OS-6 - with one fixed asset
form OS-6a - with a group of fixed assets
form OS-6b - inventory book for accounting for fixed assets

In case of write-off of fixed assets, it is necessary to issue a write-off act:

according to OS-4 form - with one object
according to the OS-4a form - for road transport
according to the OS-4b form - with a group of objects

Accounting for fixed assets at the enterprise

Fixed assets in accounting fall on account 01 "Fixed assets". The entire amount of fixed assets goes to account 01 through account 08 "Investments in non-current assets". Account 08 - intermediate between accounts 01 "Fixed funds" and 60 "Settlement with suppliers". When an object is accepted for accounting, all costs are collected on the debit of account 08, after which they are transferred from the credit of account 08 to the debit of account 01, from this moment the object is considered put into operation. The object is retired and written off from credit account 01.

Account 02 “Depreciation” is used to calculate depreciation charges.

Write-off of fixed assets up to 40,000 rubles.

PBU 6/01 clause 4 allows organizations to take inexpensive objects (the cost of which is within 40 thousand rubles) for accounting not as a fixed asset, but as inventories, and then write it off as expenses.

For example, an enterprise purchased a printer for 5,000 rubles, it makes no sense to accept it on account 01 as an OS, charge monthly depreciation on it. It is much more convenient to accept it as an inventory and immediately write it off as expenses. At the same time, it is necessary to reflect the postings in the accounting department: D10 K60 - the object is accepted for accounting as materials, and then write it off as expenses by posting D20 (25, 26, 44) K10.

This can only be done if the value of the fixed asset is less than 40,000 rubles, if its fixed asset is worth more than 40,000 rubles, then the object must be accepted on account 01.

Receipt of fixed assets to the enterprise

Fixed assets are assets that are directly used to produce products, provide services and perform other functions of the enterprise, with a service life of at least one year. In addition to those in operation, some of the property, plant and equipment may be held in stock or leased out. Depreciation of fixed assets subject to depreciation, for example, machine tools or vehicles, is taken into account in the cost of manufactured products (services rendered).

Let us dwell in more detail on the features of accounting for the receipt of objects by an enterprise, consider the postings on fixed assets performed when they are taken into account in the case of construction, purchase, gratuitous receipt, as well as upon receipt of an object in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital.

Accounting for the receipt of fixed assets

Commissioned fixed assets are recorded using the Fixed Assets account (account 01). The basis for commissioning is the order of the head of the enterprise. The accounting department draws up acts of acceptance and transfer and takes into account fixed assets on inventory cards (such as OS-6).

Most often, the receipt of fixed assets occurs as a result of:

completion of construction
acquisitions for a fee (purchase of OS)
receiving free of charge
receipts in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital

In accordance with this, accounting for the receipt of such funds is somewhat different. Let's consider each case separately.

Accounting for commissioned construction projects

The formation of the initial cost of the object put into operation in this case is determined by the amount of costs for its construction. These costs are reflected on the balance sheet "Investments in non-current assets" (account 08). The construction of facilities can be carried out by the enterprise or with the involvement of contractors.

In the case of construction with the help of a third-party developer, the account “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” (account 60) is used.

Accounting entries during the construction of the OS object by third parties:

D08 - K60 - the total cost of work has been determined

D19 - K60 - allocated VAT

D01 - K08 - the construction site was accepted into operation

D68 - K19 - the allocated VAT is directed to reimbursement from the budget

D60 - K51 - funds were transferred to the contractor.

If the construction is carried out on its own, then the accounts “Materials” (10), “Settlements with personnel for wages” (70), “Auxiliary production” (23), “Depreciation” (02) and others are used to account for the costs of it. In this case, the following lines are drawn up:

D08 - K10 (02.23.70.69, etc.) - construction costs are taken into account

D01 - K08 - the object was accepted into operation.

Accounting for the acquisition of fixed assets

The purchase of fixed assets is the most frequent type of their receipt. To account for such funds, the accounts “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” (account 60) or “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” (account 76) are used. Depending on the type of acquired funds, corresponding sub-accounts are opened to the account “Investments in non-current assets” (08).

The initial cost of acquired fixed assets is the sum of all costs associated with their purchase and commissioning. Such expenses, in addition to the amount paid to the seller, may include: customs duties, non-refundable taxes, state duties, remuneration to intermediaries and consultants, as well as funds spent on the installation and adjustment of equipment.

Acquisition of fixed assets of wiring:

D08 - K60 (76) - the cost of the object is taken into account according to the supplier's documents

D19 - K60 (76) - VAT is allocated from the cost of the object

D08 - K70 (69, 76, 10, etc.) - costs for delivery, assembly, adjustment are taken into account

D01 - K08 - the object was accepted into operation

D68 - K19 - VAT sent for reimbursement from the budget

D60 (76) - K51 - funds were transferred to the supplier.

Accounting for donated fixed assets

The initial cost of fixed assets of the enterprise, which were accepted free of charge, for example, in the form of a gift, is the market value of such objects. If it is impossible to determine it, the assessment takes place at the cost of similar material assets. According to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, funds received free of charge are considered non-operating income of the enterprise.

Free receipt of fixed assets of the posting:

For accounting, the sub-account "Grant-free receipts" (98-2) is used. The accounting entries include the following:

D08 - K98-2 - fixed assets accepted for accounting

D01 - K08 - objects are put into operation.

D98-2 - K91 - depreciation deductions are written off.

Receipt of fixed assets as a contribution to the authorized capital

Fixed assets received as a contribution to the authorized capital are accounted for at the value agreed by the founders of the organization (joint stock company). If necessary, use the services of an independent appraiser.

The contribution of the founders is reflected using the account "Authorized capital" (80), sub-account "Calculations on contributions to the authorized capital" (75-1).

The wiring is as follows:

D75-1 - K80 - the debt of the founders has been formed

D08 - K75-1 - funds received as a contribution to the authorized capital of the organization

D01 - K08 - the object was accepted for operation.

As a result of the article, we will summarize all the postings performed with one or another type of receipt of an object by an enterprise into one table.

Postings upon receipt of fixed assets:

The concept of OS depreciation

Depreciation of fixed assets - what is it? What is depreciation for? What is a useful life? We will analyze the features of depreciation and the corresponding accounting entries in the article below.

During the operation of fixed assets, a gradual obsolescence of the object occurs, both moral and physical. Parts wear out, power is lost, productivity is reduced. As a result of this, complete physical wear and tear occurs, as a result of which the object is written off from the register, and a new modern model is bought instead.

There is such a thing as a useful life - the period during which an object is able to operate at full capacity and bring economic benefits. During this entire period, depreciation is calculated from the cost of fixed assets, which, in fact, is a unit of depreciation in monetary terms.

Why is depreciation necessary?

Depreciation is a very important process, thanks to which the funds spent on the acquisition of fixed assets are returned as part of the proceeds from the sale of manufactured products.

From the 1st day of the month following the month of putting the object into operation, the depreciation process begins. Every month, depreciation deductions are calculated and written off to the cost of products, works, services or to sales expenses (for trade enterprises). Thus, when a product (goods) goes on sale, its cost includes a part of the cost of fixed assets used in the production process, in the amount of depreciation. These funds are returned to the enterprise after the sale of products (works, services) and receipt of payment from the buyer. The funds received can be used to improve existing fixed assets (repair, reconstruction, modernization) or to purchase new, more modern facilities.

The process of accruing depreciation is continuous, continuing from month to month until the object is fully depreciated, that is, until the cost of fixed assets is fully transferred to the cost of production. After that, the object can be written off from the account on which it is recorded (account 01 "Fixed assets"). Also, depreciation is terminated when the object is retired from the enterprise, for example, when it is sold, donated, obsolescence.

According to the law, depreciation starts on the 1st day of the month following the month of commissioning and ends on the 1st day of the month following the month of deregistration.

Depreciation also ceases to accrue if the object is transferred for conservation for a period of more than three months, or for reconstruction (modernization) for a period of more than twelve months.

Depreciation of property, plant and equipment depends on the useful life of the asset. This period is set by the enterprise independently, depending on the type of object. In this case, you need to be guided by the Classification of fixed assets, according to which, all objects are divided into depreciation groups. In total, there are 10 such groups, each with its own useful life.

Upon receipt of a fixed asset, the organization, in accordance with the classification, determines which group the received fixed asset belongs to, selects the useful life corresponding to this group and, based on it, then calculates depreciation on a monthly basis.

Useful life depending on the depreciation group:

1 - 1-2 years
2 - 2-3 years
3 – 3-5 years
4 - 5-7 years
5 – 7-10 years
6 - 10-15 years
7 - 15-20 years
8 - 20-25 years
9 - 25-30 years old
10 - from 30 years

Upon receipt of the object, an act of transfer acceptance is issued in the form of OS-1, OS-1a or OS-1b. Information about the selected useful life should be reflected in this document.

Depreciation postings

Depreciation is a business transaction for which a posting must be reflected in the accounting of an enterprise.

The depreciation posting is carried out on the basis of the document - the depreciation settlement sheet.

To account for depreciation, account 02 is intended, called "Depreciation". In the credit of account 02, the calculated depreciation deductions are entered monthly in correspondence with the accounts for accounting for sales or production costs.

Depreciation posting:

D20 (23, 25) K02 - depreciation of the fixed assets object involved in production has been accrued;

D26 K02 - depreciation of fixed assets used for economic needs has been accrued;

D44 K02 - reflects the accrued depreciation on fixed assets used in trading activities.

Thus, depreciation is accumulated on loan account 02.

When a fixed asset is written off from accounting, all depreciation accumulated on account 02 is written off by posting D02 K01.

When the fixed asset is sold, the accumulated depreciation is written off by posting D02 K91 / 2.

Knowing the initial cost of the fixed asset, for which it is listed on the debit of account 01, and the depreciation accrued for the entire period of operation on credit account 02, you can calculate the residual value of the object at any time by subtracting the value of credit 02 from the value of debit 01. Knowledge of the residual cost is useful in a number of cases, for example, when the object is retired, sold, depreciation calculation.

There are 4 methods for calculating monthly depreciation charges:

linear
diminishing balance method
method of writing off the cost of fixed assets proportional to the output

Calculation of depreciation of fixed assets in a linear way

To calculate depreciation in accounting, 4 methods are used.

Methods for calculating depreciation of fixed assets:

Linear way
Declining balance method
The method is proportional to the volume of output
Method by the sum of numbers of years of useful life

In all these 4 methods of calculating depreciation, such a concept as the depreciation rate is used - an annual percentage of the cost of fixed assets.

The basis of the calculation is the original (or replacement) cost of the object or residual, the latter is obtained by subtracting from the original cost of depreciation. Replacement cost is the value obtained as a result of the revaluation of fixed assets, it can be either more (in case of revaluation) or less (in case of markdown) of the original one.

The organization independently determines for itself which method of calculation for this object will be used, its choice should be fixed in the accounting policy. In addition, the selected method is reflected in the fixed asset inventory card.

Let us first consider in more detail the linear method for calculating depreciation. As a rule, in the vast majority of cases, enterprises use this method.

Straight line depreciation method

This is the simplest and most common calculation method. During the entire period of use, depreciation is written off in equal installments. Depreciation should begin on the first day of the month following the month in which the object was taken into account.

To calculate depreciation using this method, you need to know the initial (or replacement) cost of the fixed asset and the depreciation rate.

The straight-line depreciation formula is:

A \u003d Initial cost * Depreciation rate.

The initial cost is the cost at which the object is accounted for on account 01.

The formula for calculating the depreciation rate:

Norm A = 100% / useful life.

The resulting depreciation is annual, to calculate the monthly deductions, you need to divide the annual depreciation by 12 months.

Linear calculation example:

The car has an initial cost of 200,000 and was taken into account on 03/10/2014. The useful life is assumed to be 10 years. How to calculate car depreciation?

Annual A. \u003d 200,000 * (100% / 10) \u003d 20,000.

Monthly A. = 20,000/12 = 1666.67.

Thus, every month, starting from April 1, 2014, depreciation should be charged in the amount of 1666.67, this amount should be used for monthly depreciation posting - D20 (44) K02.

Calculating depreciation using the straight-line method has several advantages over non-linear methods.

The method is very simple, monthly depreciation charges are calculated once at the beginning of operation.

The cost of the object is evenly transferred to the cost of products (services, works) throughout the entire period of use. With non-linear methods, most of the cost of fixed assets is written off in the first years, due to which there is an increase in the cost of production in these years. For enterprises that plan to quickly update fixed assets, it is more convenient to use non-linear methods, but if the asset is acquired for long-term operation and it is not planned to quickly replace it, then it is better and easier to use the linear method of depreciation.

Calculation of depreciation using the decreasing balance method

All methods of depreciation of fixed assets are divided into linear and non-linear. Let us dwell in more detail on the non-linear calculation method - the diminishing balance method. Using this method, accelerated depreciation of fixed assets is carried out. What is the benefit of this payment method? In what cases is it best to use it? Below is an example of calculating depreciation charges using the accelerated method.

In contrast to the straight-line method of calculation, the residual value of the object is taken to calculate depreciation using the reducing balance method. The residual value is calculated by subtracting the accrued depreciation from the initial (or replacement) cost of the object. That is, the residual value is equal to the difference between the values \u200b\u200bof the debit of account 01 and the credit of account 02.

In addition, this method uses an acceleration factor that the organization sets itself. This coefficient is designed to accelerate the write-off of the value of the object through depreciation and, accordingly, the return of funds invested in the acquisition of fixed assets.

Upon receipt of fixed assets, the object is accepted for accounting on account 01, from the next month depreciation should be charged on it and monthly postings should be made to write off depreciation charges (D20 (44) K02).

The general formula for calculating the declining balance method:

A \u003d Residual value * Depreciation rate * Acceleration factor.

An example of calculating the depreciation of fixed assets using the accelerated method:

We have fixed assets with an initial cost of 200,000 and a useful life of 5 years. We take the acceleration coefficient equal to 2.

When calculating depreciation charges using the diminishing balance method, the depreciation rate will be calculated taking into account the acceleration factor.

Norm A \u003d 100% * 2 / 5 \u003d 40%

1 year of operation:

Residual value (Rest.) = 200,000 - 0 = 200,000.

Monthly A = 80,000 / 12 = 6666.67

2nd year of operation:

Rest = 200,000 - 80,000 = 120,000.

Year. A. \u003d 120,000 * 40% \u003d 48,000.

We eat. A. \u003d 48,000 / 12 \u003d 4000

Rest = 200,000 - 80,000 - 48,000 = 72,000.

Year. A. \u003d 72,000 * 40% \u003d 28,800.

Rest = 200,000 - 80,000 - 48,000 - 28,800 = 43,200.

Year. A. \u003d 43,200 * 40% \u003d 17,280

As you can see, with each year of operation, monthly depreciation deductions decrease. Most of the value of the fixed asset is written off in the early years. In order to fully write off the cost of an object, you need to use Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, according to which, at the moment when the residual value is less than 20% of the original cost, depreciation is calculated as the residual value divided by the number of remaining months of the useful life.

In our example, 20% of the original cost is 40,000.

Rest = 200,000 - 80,000 - 48,000 - 28,800 - 17,280 = 25,920, which is less than 20% of the original cost.

Therefore, in the future, we will calculate the monthly depreciation by dividing the residual value by 12.

We eat. A. \u003d 25920 / 12 \u003d 2160.

As a result of these calculations, the value of the fixed asset object will be completely written off, the residual value will be 0, the object can be written off from account 01.

When is the decreasing balance method beneficial?

The accelerated method of calculating depreciation is convenient to use if, for any reason, an organization needs to write off an asset as soon as possible. This is true for operating systems that quickly wear out or become obsolete, the performance of which is significantly reduced with an increase in the period of use.

An example of such a fixed asset is a computer. Every year more and more powerful models appear, and very quickly a computer whose service life has not yet come to an end may no longer be able to cope with the tasks. After 2-3 years of use, it needs to be upgraded or changed to a more modern model. Therefore, it will be convenient here in the first 1-2 years to write off the bulk of its cost and use the money returned as part of the proceeds to improve the computer or purchase a new one. At the same time, the old model can still be sold before the end of its service life. At the same time, it turns out that we will return almost the entire cost of the computer using accelerated depreciation, and we will receive additional profit by selling the old model.

That is, if the organization plans to quickly update fixed assets, then it is more profitable for it to use the accelerated reducing balance method.

There is also such a non-linear depreciation method as the method in proportion to the volume of production and the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life.

The method of writing off the cost of fixed assets by the sum of numbers of years of useful life

To calculate the depreciation of fixed assets in accounting, there are 4 methods. One of them is the linear method - the most common and simple.

The remaining 3 are non-linear:

Declining balance method
The method of writing off the cost of fixed assets by the sum of numbers of years of useful life
The method of writing off the cost proportional to the volume of products (works, services)

Let's analyze the depreciation method by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life.

This method, along with the reducing balance method, is an accelerated way to write off the cost of fixed assets. In the first year of operation, the monthly depreciation amount written off will be the largest, with each subsequent year the monthly depreciation will decrease.

In some cases, the accelerated depreciation method is more beneficial for the enterprise than the straight-line method, in which depreciation occurs evenly over the entire useful life.

The calculation basis is the initial cost of the fixed asset, at which it is taken into account.

Formula for calculating depreciation:

A \u003d Initial cost of fixed assets * Depreciation rate.

The depreciation rate for each year is calculated separately and depends on the useful life established for the object when it was taken into account.

The general formula for calculating the norm:

Norm A \u003d number of years remaining until the end of the useful life / sum of the numbers of years of the useful life.

For example, if the useful life is 7 years, then the annual depreciation rate in the first year is calculated as:

Norm A in the 1st year = 7 / (1+2+3+4+5+6+7) * 100% = 25%.

N. And in the 2nd year = 6 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7) * 100% = 21.4%.

N. A in the 3rd year = 5 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7) * 100% = 17.86%

N. A in the 4th year = 4 / (1+2+3+4+5+6+7) * 100% = 14.3%

For the remaining years of the useful life, the depreciation rate is calculated according to the same principle, the numerator decreases by one every year, the denominator remains unchanged.

Calculation example

There is a fixed asset, accepted for accounting on January 10, 2014 at an initial cost of 200,000. It has a useful life of 4 years. How do I calculate the monthly depreciation charge for this fixed asset?

First of all, we note that the facility was put into operation in January 2014, which means that depreciation on it will be charged from February 1, 2014.

Norm A \u003d 4 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) * 100% \u003d 40%.

Annual A \u003d 200,000 * 40% \u003d 80,000.

Monthly A \u003d 80,000 / 12 \u003d 6666.67.

Norm A \u003d 3 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) * 100% \u003d 30%.

Annual A \u003d 200,000 * 30% \u003d 60,000.

Monthly A \u003d 60,000 / 12 \u003d 5000.

Norm A \u003d 2 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) * 100% \u003d 20%.

Annual A \u003d 200,000 * 20% \u003d 40,000.

Monthly A \u003d 40,000 / 12 \u003d 3333.33.

Norm A \u003d 1 / (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) * 100% \u003d 10%.

Annual A \u003d 200,000 * 10% \u003d 20,000.

Monthly A \u003d 20,000 / 12 \u003d 1666.67.

Thus, in 4 years, the cost of the fixed asset will be completely written off through depreciation.

Advantages and disadvantages of the method

As mentioned above, this method is accelerated. In the first years, the largest part of the cost of the fixed asset is written off, with each subsequent year, depreciation deductions decrease until the cost of fixed assets is completely written off.

When is it convenient to use the accelerated depreciation method?

If the company intends to quickly update its fixed assets, then it is better to use the accelerated method. In this case, the company will be able to quickly return the funds spent on the acquisition of the object, through depreciation as part of the proceeds from the sale of goods, products, performance of work, and provision of services.

If the equipment in use wears out quickly, its performance decreases significantly with each year of operation, or quickly becomes obsolete, then it is better to use an accelerated method, for example, the write-off method by the sum of the numbers of years of useful life. The funds spent will be returned to the enterprise faster, with this money it will be possible to buy new equipment.

In addition to this method, you can also use the diminishing balance method, where the company independently applies the acceleration factor and returns the funds invested in the object much faster.

In addition to these advantages, the method of writing off the cost of fixed assets by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life has its drawbacks.

An undoubted disadvantage is the rise in the cost of manufactured products (works, services) in the first years, since it is in these years that depreciation deductions are maximum. Depreciation is included in the cost, so in the first years the cost of production will be overestimated, gradually every year it will decrease.

Write-off of the cost of fixed assets in proportion to the volume of production

The write-off method in proportion to the volume of output is a non-linear depreciation method that can only be applied to fixed assets for which the expected output is determined. In what cases it is convenient to apply this method of calculation, how to calculate depreciation in proportion to the volume of actually produced products - more on that below.

In general, there are 4 methods for calculating the depreciation of fixed assets, one of which is linear and 3 are non-linear.

The straight-line method is characterized by a uniform depreciation throughout the useful life. As a rule, it is this method that is most often used for calculation.

Three non-linear methods:

The declining balance method is an accelerated depreciation method, characterized by the write-off of most of the cost of the fixed asset in the first years of operation, with each subsequent year depreciation deductions decrease
Write-off method based on the sum of numbers of years of useful life - also an accelerated method
The method of writing off the cost of fixed assets in proportion to the volume of output. We will discuss this method of depreciation in more detail below, we will give an example of calculating depreciation using this method.

The formula for calculating depreciation in proportion to the volume of output:

As mentioned above, the method is applicable to those objects for which the manufacturer has set the expected production output in advance - that is, if the amount of work that the object must perform during its useful life is known.

For the calculation, the initial cost of the fixed asset is taken, which is formed upon receipt of the object by the enterprise and putting it into operation.

General formula for calculation:

A \u003d Actual volume of output for the reporting period * Depreciation rate

Depreciation rate = Initial cost / Estimated volume of production over the useful life.

Example of depreciation calculation:

There is a main vehicle - a truck. Its initial cost is 600,000 rubles. Accepted for accounting April 20, 2014. The estimated mileage over the useful life as set by the manufacturer is 400,000 km.

Calculation:

Norm A \u003d 600,000 / 400,000 \u003d 1.5 rubles / km

Depreciation on the car is charged monthly, so we will take 1 month for the reporting period. We start accruing depreciation from May 1, 2014, that is, the next month after commissioning. Depreciation stops after the full write-off of the cost of the fixed asset or when the fixed asset is retired.

The actual mileage of the truck in May was 1,000 km.

A \u003d 1000 * 1.5 \u003d 1500 rubles.

Actual mileage for June = 4000 km.

A \u003d 4000 * 1.5 \u003d 6000 rubles.

Actual mileage for July = 5000 km.

A \u003d 5000 * 1.5 \u003d 7500 rubles.

Further, the depreciation for the car is calculated in a similar way depending on the actual mileage in that month. The write-off will continue until the cost is fully written off through depreciation.

If the cost of the object is completely written off, but its useful life has not ended, that is, the fixed asset is in working condition, then the object can be operated further, depreciation does not need to be charged.

When is it convenient to use the write-off method in proportion to the volume of production?

Any method of calculating depreciation has its pros and cons, in one case it is convenient to use one method of calculation, in another - another.

In this case, it is convenient to write off the cost of an object depending on the volume of output when there is a direct dependence of the object's wear on the frequency of its operation.

This method is common in industry, such as mining, or for cars or trucks.

Whichever method is chosen for depreciation, it must be reflected in the accounting policy of the organization.

The procedure for revaluation of fixed assets

The initial cost at which an item of fixed assets is accepted for accounting may change in the course of operation in several cases. If the object was reconstructed or modernized, as well as during the revaluation. The value obtained as a result of the revaluation will be referred to as the replacement value.

What is a revaluation of fixed assets?

Revaluation is the process of recalculating the original cost of fixed assets in order to match their market prices. This procedure is available only to commercial enterprises that independently determine for themselves the frequency of the revaluation, as well as the objects for which it will be carried out. When setting the frequency of the revaluation of fixed assets, you need to remember one limitation: it can be carried out no more than once a year in the last month of the year. All points relating to the revaluation of fixed assets should be reflected in the accounting policy of the enterprise.

It must be borne in mind that if a certain frequency of cost recalculation is established for an object, and it is indicated in the Order on Accounting Policy, then this frequency must be observed and a revaluation must be carried out without fail.

How is the revaluation of fixed assets carried out?

The procedure must be documented, all the necessary revaluation of fixed assets associated with an increase or decrease in their value as a result of the recalculation must be reflected.

As mentioned above, the revaluation is carried out at the end of the year. The procedure begins with the issuance of an order indicating the objects for which revaluation should be carried out. The results of the revaluation (the new price of the object and the recalculated depreciation) should be reflected in the inventory card of the asset.

The method of revaluation of fixed assets for commercial enterprises is called the method of direct translation at documented market prices.

The cost of fixed assets is recalculated in accordance with market prices on the date of recalculation. You can determine the average market price both independently and with the involvement of specialist appraisers.

The new (replacement cost) is reflected at the beginning of the new year.

The increase in value (revaluation) in accounting is reflected in the credit of account 83 "Additional capital" in correspondence with the debit of account 01 (posting D01 K83).

The reduction in value (markdown) is reflected in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” in correspondence with the credit of account 01 (posting D91/2 K01).

Along with the cost reflected in the debit of account 01, the depreciation accrued on account 02 is also subject to recalculation.

How to re-evaluate the depreciation of fixed assets?

Depreciation rate \u003d (accrued depreciation / initial cost of fixed assets) * 100%.

Recalculated depreciation = replacement cost * wear rate.

The increase in depreciation as a result of revaluation is reflected in posting D83 K02.

The decrease in depreciation as a result of the markdown is reflected in posting D02 K91/1.

For clarity, let's consider two examples: revaluation and markdown of the OS cost.

Revaluation of fixed assets (example):

We have a fixed asset with an initial cost of 100,000. Depreciation of 25,000 was accrued on the object. As a result of the revaluation, the cost increased to 110,000. What transactions should be reflected in the accounting department?

The cost of the OS has increased - we are seeing an additional assessment.

Let's recalculate depreciation:

Depreciation = (25,000 / 100,000) * 100% = 25%

A \u003d (110,000 * 25%) / 100% \u003d 27,500.

That is, as a result of the revaluation, the value of the fixed asset increased by 10,000, depreciation increased by 2,500.

Revaluation postings:

10,000 - D01 K83 - increased the value of the object during revaluation.

2,500 - D83 K02 - increased depreciation on the object as a result of revaluation.

Depreciation of fixed assets (example):

We have an object with an initial cost of 100,000. Accrued depreciation - 25,000. When analyzing the market, the average market price for this object was revealed - 80,000. How should the transactions be reflected?

The cost of the fixed asset has decreased - we observe a markdown.

Let's recalculate depreciation:

Degree of wear = 25%

A \u003d (80,000 * 25%) / 100% \u003d 20,000

That is, as a result of the revaluation, the value of the fixed asset decreased by 20,000, the amount of accrued depreciation decreased by 5,000.

Markdown transactions:

20 000 - D91/2 K01 - reduced the value of the object at a markdown.

5,000 - D02 K91/1 - the accrued depreciation on the object at a markdown has been reduced.

Inventory of fixed assets (surplus and shortage)

Inventory of fixed assets is a procedure necessary for every enterprise. Inventory is the process of reconciling the actual availability of fixed assets and their location with accounting data. This important procedure allows you to identify inconsistencies between accounting and actual data, identify surpluses and shortcomings.

The procedure for conducting an inventory is regulated by the Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations.

Before starting the inventory, you need to prepare - check the following points:

Availability and correctness of filling out documents on fixed assets: inventory cards, inventory books, inventories and other documents
Availability of technical documentation for fixed assets
Availability of documents for leased objects, as well as for leased ones

If any documents are not found or damaged, then they should be restored, received or issued.

Before starting the procedure, a receipt is taken from the financially responsible persons that all objects are located at their destination and are taken into account.

Inventory can be carried out in the following cases:

Control check
Change of responsible person
Regular scheduled inspection, etc.

The procedure for conducting an inventory of fixed assets

This procedure must be accompanied by competent documentation.

First of all, the decision to conduct an inventory of fixed assets is fixed in the inventory order. For this, there is a unified form INV-22. This order notes which assets are being checked, sets the date for the procedure, as well as the composition of the inventory commission.

The formation of an inventory commission is an integral part of this process. It should include representatives of the accounting department, financially responsible persons, representatives of the management team, third-party persons who are not employees of this enterprise. The functions of the formed commission include control of the inventory process, execution of the necessary documentation and the issuance of a final conclusion.

Upon the arrival of the date specified in the order, the verification of the availability and condition of the enterprise's fixed assets begins.

The commission inspects all objects, enters into special inventory lists in the INV-1 form information about the inspected objects:

Name
Purpose
Inventory number
Technical and operational indicators

Inventory of buildings, structures, land plots the presence of documents confirming the presence of these objects in the property of the organization is checked.

Inventory lists are compiled in two copies: for the accounting department and for the financially responsible person.

When inventorying leased fixed assets, inventories are compiled in three copies, the third version of the inventory is transferred to the direct owner of the object.

For items of fixed assets, for which discrepancies were revealed during the inventory process, collation statements are compiled in the form of INV-18.

The collation statement is also drawn up in two copies: for the accounting staff who will perform the necessary postings to account for surpluses and write off shortages, and for the financially responsible person.

Objects that have become unusable and cannot be restored are reflected in a separate inventory indicating the date of commencement of use, as well as the reason why they are not suitable for operation.

Objects under repair are also reflected separately; for these fixed assets, an act of inventory of unfinished repairs is filled out in the form of INV-10.

Objects that are in the organization, but do not belong to it, for example, are in safekeeping, are entered in separate collation sheets.

All inventory documents are certified by the signatures of materially responsible persons and members of the commission headed by the chairman.

The final results of the inventory of fixed assets are recorded in the statement of results of the INV-26 form.

Accounting inventory of fixed assets

The results of the inventory are subject to immediate reflection in the accounting of the enterprise. Identified surpluses and shortages should be reflected using accounting entries in the month in which the inventory was carried out.

All identified surpluses and shortages must be explained by financially responsible persons.

Inventory surplus (postings):

Surpluses are objects unaccounted for in accounting.

The surplus identified during the inventory is credited to the account of fixed assets (account 01) in correspondence with the account of other income and expenses (account 91). The surplus is taken into account through account 08, in the same way as in the case of receipt of fixed assets. Postings for the acceptance of surplus have the form: D08 K91 / 1 and D01 K08. Such fixed assets are accepted at the average market value as of the current date.

Write-off of shortage during inventory (posting):

The identified shortage is debited from account 01 to the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”. There are three steps to take when decommissioning an object:

1 - write off from account 02 the accrued depreciation for the missing object (posting D02 K01 / 2),

2 - write off the initial cost of the missing object from account 01 (posting D01/2 K01/1),

3 - write off the residual value of the missing object from account 01 (posting D94 K01 / 2).

In order to write off an object, it is necessary to open subaccount 2 on account 01, transfer the initial cost of the missing object to its debit, and the accrued depreciation to its credit. After that, on the loan account 01/2, the residual value will be determined, which must be written off as a shortage.

1 - the guilty person has not been identified, in this case the shortage is written off as other expenses by posting D91 / 2 K94. In this case, there must be documentary evidence of the absence of the perpetrators or a refusal to recover damages from the perpetrator.

2 - the guilty person has been identified, in this case the shortage is written off to the debit of sub-account 2 of account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” by posting D73 / 2 K94. Further, the employee either makes a shortage in cash in cash (posting D50 K73/2) or it is deducted from his salary (posting D70 K73/2). If the market value of the missing object is recovered from the guilty person, then the difference between the amount of the shortage and the market value is charged to account 98 “Deferred income”.

Postings during the inventory of fixed assets:

Transfer of fixed assets for conservation

Conservation of fixed assets is the termination of the operation of an object for a certain period of time with the possibility of its renewal. Conservation is a set of measures aimed at ensuring the preservation of an object for a long time.

Mothballing may be applicable if an item is for some reason idle and not in use, and management may decide that it would be more beneficial to mothball the item for the required period, thereby providing it with the proper conditions for preservation.

The period of conservation of the fixed asset may not be less than three months.

Depreciation is not charged on mothballed objects. Depreciation should stop accruing from the first month following the month of transition to conservation.

If such a situation has occurred that the object is deactivated in less than 3 months, for example, after 2 months, then depreciation will have to be charged for these 2 months.

The procedure for transferring a fixed asset to conservation

At the initial stage of preparation for conservation, an inventory of fixed assets is carried out, the actual availability of objects with credentials is checked. An inventory is necessary to identify fixed assets that are not currently used. It is economically more profitable to transfer such objects to conservation, thereby ensuring their safety.

The procedure for transferring to conservation is carried out with the help of a commission specially created for this purpose. The commission may include employees of the enterprise, representatives of the management team, etc. The commission draws up a list of idle objects, checks them, decides on the conservation of the fixed asset, sets the conservation deadlines, draws up the necessary documentation.

First of all, the head of the enterprise draws up a conservation order, which contains a list of unused objects. The order is made in any form.

Another of the main documents is the act of conservation of the object, which is drawn up and signed by the members of the commission. Since the State Statistics Committee has not established a standard form of the act, the organization itself develops the form of the act in accordance with its needs.

When setting the form of the act, you need to follow certain rules and include the necessary details in the form. As a rule, the conservation act contains the following information:

Number and date
Name of the object, its purpose
Asset inventory number
Initial cost (or replacement cost, if a revaluation was carried out)
residual value
Accrued depreciation
Useful lives
Reasons for the transfer to conservation
The term of conservation of the fixed asset

After the members of the commission sign the act, it is sent to the head for approval.

In the inventory cards, you can make a note about the transfer of the object to conservation, it is more convenient to do this in the 4th section.

After the object is removed from the mothballed state, depreciation should be continued, while the useful life is extended by the time it is mothballed. Depreciation must begin on the first day of the month following the month of re-entry.

OS conservation accounting

Objects of fixed assets are accepted for accounting on the debit of account 01. When transferring a fixed asset for mothballing, a separate sub-account “Fixed assets for mothballing” is opened on account 01. The mothballed object is transferred there by posting D01.OS on mothballing K01.OS in operation.

During depreservation, reverse wiring is performed.

Conservation costs:

When preparing an object for conservation and transferring it to long-term storage, some costs arise, which are taken into account as others in the debit of account 91/2. Expenses may also arise during re-preservation, as well as during storage.

Posting for the write-off of expenses for the conservation of fixed assets: D91 / 2 K20 (23, 10, 70, etc.).

Repair of fixed assets

Repair of fixed assets may be required at any time. Equipment does not last forever and can be damaged or broken. If the equipment cannot be restored, then it should be written off, but if the operational properties of the object can be restored, then repairs are carried out.

Repair or reconstruction?

Restoration of an object can be carried out in two ways: current repairs and major repairs (reconstruction, modernization). These two concepts are sometimes confused or considered one and the same process. However, accounting and tax accounting for current and capital repairs of fixed assets is different. It is important at the initial stage to decide how the object will be restored: repaired or reconstructed.

During the current repair, the properties and characteristics of the object that were before the breakdown are restored. That is, the technical and economic indicators of the fixed asset do not change, only the elimination of faults occurs, or preventive work to avoid these failures. That is, the repair is aimed primarily at maintaining the standard operating condition of the fixed asset. Repair costs are deducted as expenses in the current tax period.

During the overhaul (reconstruction or modernization), the characteristics of the object are improved, it becomes better, more powerful, more productive, more modern. The changes are more global and, in general, are characterized by an improvement in the technical and economic indicators of the facility. At the same time, all expenses for major repairs increase the initial cost of the object.

That is, the cost accounting mechanism in both cases is fundamentally different, in order to tax authority there were no unnecessary questions in the future, it is necessary to clearly define what type of work is carried out with the object and where the costs should be attributed.

Accounting for the cost of repairing fixed assets (postings)

Repair work can be carried out both by the enterprise itself, and by attracting third-party contractors with whom a contract is concluded. In the first case, the repair method is called economic, the second - contract.

Depending on how an organization decides to repair its assets, the costs will vary somewhat.

Whatever the source of costs, the cost of repairing fixed assets is attributed to an increase in the cost of production, goods.

Postings to write off the cost of repairs performed on their own:

D 23 K10 - posting on the write-off from the warehouse of the materials necessary for the repair
D23 K70 - payroll entry for employees involved in the repair of the facility
D23 K69 - entry for the accrual of insurance premiums from the salary of employees involved in the repair of the facility
D20 K23 - repair costs are charged to production costs

Postings for writing off the costs of repairs performed by a contract method:

D 20 (23, 25, 26, 44) K60 (76) - entry for attributing the cost of work performed to the cost of production for manufacturing enterprises (into sales expenses for trading enterprises)
D19 K60 - VAT allocated from the cost of work performed by the contractor
D68. VAT K19 - VAT directed to reimbursement from the budget
D60 (76) K50 (51) - payment to the contractor for the work performed

Provision for the repair of fixed assets in accounting (postings)

Large enterprises for which repair is a frequent operation and / or repair costs are significant, form a special reserve in advance. The creation of a reserve for the repair of fixed assets occurs gradually, from month to month. In accounting, account 96 “Reserve for future expenses” is used for this. The formation of a reserve for repairs takes place on a loan account 96 with the help of the gradual inclusion of certain amounts in the cost of production.

Postings for the creation of a reserve for the repair of fixed assets: D20 (23, 25, 26) K96.

When it becomes necessary to repair an object, a posting is written off from the reserve: D96 K10 (70, 60, 76, 69 ...).

The monthly amount deducted to the reserve is determined as 1/12 of the annual cost of repairs according to the estimate.

If the amount of the formed reserve is not enough to carry out repair work, then the missing funds can be obtained either by deducting additional funds to the reserve (posting D20 K96), or by attributing these costs to the cost of production (posting D20 K10, 70, 60).

If the amount of the formed reserve exceeded the annual repair costs, then the funds remaining on the loan are written off to the organization's income by posting D96 K91 / 1.

At the end of the year, the balance on account 96 is 0.

Modernization and reconstruction of fixed assets

In the process of using fixed assets, equipment may break down, lose its operational properties, become morally and physically obsolete. To restore the properties and characteristics of fixed assets, repairs are carried out. If, in the process of repair work, an object is improved, it becomes more functional, more efficient, that is, its technical and economic indicators generally improve, then this will not be just a repair, but a reconstruction or modernization.

The difference between reconstruction and repair

It is important to see the differences between regular maintenance of fixed assets and modernization or reconstruction. The cost accounting mechanism in both cases is different, so it is necessary at the initial stage to determine how the fixed asset will be restored.

In the process of repair, the functions and properties of the object are restored, which it had at the initial stage of operation, that is, the object does not become better than it was. It just fixes breakage and damage.

If, in the process of carrying out repair work, replacing parts and parts of equipment, the fixed asset has become more powerful, more functional, its productivity has increased, the layout has improved (for real estate), then this is already modernization and reconstruction. And costs need to be accounted for differently.

Maintenance costs are included in the cost of production or selling expenses. The costs of modernization, reconstruction, completion, additional equipment increase the initial cost of the OS.

So, modernization is characterized by an increase in productive capacity, an increase in the book value of fixed assets and useful life, a change in depreciation parameters.

Accounting for the reconstruction (modernization) of fixed assets

The main feature that distinguishes reconstruction from repair is the improvement of the technical and economic indicators of the object. The fixed asset from an economic point of view becomes more profitable for operation. In the process of reconstruction (modernization), new properties and functions of the object may appear.

Documenting:

If the enterprise decides to improve the fixed asset by modernizing it, then the head issues an order (instruction) in which he establishes which object is to be overhauled, what are the deadlines for the work, and appoints responsible persons.

A defective list is filled out for the OS object indicating the reason for the need for modernization.

If the work is carried out by contract, then an agreement is concluded with the contractor, which describes the terms of the work, as well as a list of what needs to be done. Estimated technical documentation is being prepared.

For modernization, reconstruction of fixed assets is transferred on the basis of an invoice for internal movement (OS-2 form). This form is issued if the OS will be repaired by the organization itself. If third parties are involved for this, then the act of acceptance and transfer of OS-1 is used.

A modernized, reconstructed object is taken back to accounting on the basis of an acceptance certificate in the OS-3 form.

Information about the overhaul and associated costs is reflected in the inventory card of the object.

Cost accounting entries:

All costs of modernization, reconstruction are attributed to the increase in the initial cost of the fixed asset.

Just as with the receipt of fixed assets by the enterprise, all costs for the work performed are collected under the debit of account 08, after which they are transferred to the debit of account 01.

Postings during the modernization (reconstruction) of fixed assets on their own:

D08 K10 - written off the materials necessary for the modernization (reconstruction)
D08 K70 - wages were accrued to employees involved in the reconstruction process
D08 K69 - accrued insurance premiums from the wages of these workers
D08 K23 - expenses of auxiliary production are written off
D01 K08 - the cost of fixed assets was increased by the amount of expenses for modernization, reconstruction

Postings during the reconstruction (modernization) of fixed assets by a contract method:

D08 K60 (76) - reflects the cost of work by third parties
D19 K60 (76) - VAT allocated from the cost of work performed
D01 K08 - the cost of fixed assets was increased by the amount of expenses taken into account

With an increase in the cost of fixed assets, monthly depreciation charges will also be increased, this must be taken into account when calculating depreciation.

It should also be noted that in connection with the improvement of the technical and economic indicators of the fixed assets, the useful life may be increased. The need for this is determined by the management of the organization and the commission that controls the process of modernization (reconstruction).

Disposal of fixed assets from the enterprise

An item of fixed assets can leave the enterprise in several ways and for various reasons. The object can be sold, donated, contributed to the authorized capital of another organization, written off due to moral or physical deterioration. We will analyze each method of disposal of a fixed asset, how the object is deregistered, what postings to write off the fixed asset must be performed by the accountant in each case.

Write-off of a fixed asset as a result of physical or obsolescence

If the fixed asset is physically worn out, its useful life has expired, obsolete or damaged so much that it is not subject to further use, then it must be written off, that is, deregistered.

Before writing off the OS, it is necessary to assess its condition, the possibility or impossibility of its further operation. This assessment is carried out by a special commission. If the commission decides to write off the object, then the head issues an order on the need to write off the fixed asset. At the same time, a write-off act is drawn up in the form of OS-4, OS-4a or OS-4b, on the basis of which the accountant already makes postings to deregister the fixed asset and makes a mark on the write-off in the inventory card OS-6, OS-6a or OS- 6b.

When an asset is disposed of in this way, its residual value is written off from account 01 on which the object is listed. The residual value is calculated by subtracting the amount of accrued depreciation from the initial (replacement) cost. Initial - this is the cost at which the fixed asset was accepted for accounting on account 01 upon receipt. The replacement value is the value received as a result of the revaluation. Accrued depreciation - all accumulated depreciation deductions as of the write-off date, accrued on credit account 02, are taken.

The procedure for writing off fixed assets is as follows:

On account 01, an additional sub-account 2 "Disposal of fixed assets" is opened. At the same time, operating OS will be listed on subaccount 1
Posting is being written off the initial (replacement) cost: D01/2 K01/1
Posting is being written off the accrued depreciation: D02 K01/2
On subaccount 2, the residual value of fixed assets (the difference between debit and credit) was formed, which is written off to other expenses by posting D91/2 K01/2

If the object is fully depreciated, its useful life has ended, then the residual value will be equal to 0 (the debit of the account 2 account 01 is equal to its credit).

The costs of writing off fixed assets, for example, for dismantling, are also written off as other expenses (D91 / 2 K70, 69, 76).

Details, spare parts, materials remaining after the dismantling of the fixed asset and subject to further use are accounted for at the average market value as material assets (D10 K91 / 1).

Based on the results of the write-off, a financial result is formed on account 91;

Postings when decommissioning a fixed asset:

Sale of a fixed asset

If disposal as a result of write-off is documented by a write-off act, then the disposal of a fixed asset through a sale is documented by an act of acceptance and transfer form OS-1, OS-1a, OS-1b.

If for an enterprise the sale of fixed assets is an isolated case and is not a common activity, then the income and expenses associated with the sale are reflected on account 91 (in contrast to the sale of goods, which are recorded on account 90 “Sales”).

When a fixed asset is sold to a third-party enterprise, the residual value of the object is written off in the same way, postings:

D01 / 2 K01 / 1 - the initial cost of the OS was written off,

D02 K01 / 2 - depreciation was written off for this fixed asset.

D91/2 K01/2 - the residual value of fixed assets aimed at sale has been written off.

D91 / 2 K70 (69, 76) - associated costs are reflected.

The proceeds received from the sale of fixed assets are reflected in the credit of account 91 on the first sub-account, the posting looks like:

D62 (76) K91 / 1 - reflected the proceeds from the sale of fixed assets.

The sale of an item of fixed assets is a transaction subject to VAT. The price at which the object is sold to the buyer must include value added tax. The amount of VAT is reflected in posting D91/3 K68.vat.

Based on the results of the sale, a financial result is formed on account 91, which is reflected in one of the postings:

D99 K91 / 9 - reflected the loss from the sale of fixed assets (if expenses exceeded revenue).

D91 / 9 K99 - reflected the profit from the sale of fixed assets (if the proceeds from the sale exceeded the costs).

Transactions when selling a fixed asset:

Free transfer of fixed assets (donation)

A donation of a fixed asset is equated to a sale, so the mechanism for the disposal of fixed assets is similar to a sale.

Similarly, the residual value is debited to account 91/2. This includes all associated costs.

Since the object is transferred free of charge, there will be no revenue in this case. However, VAT must be charged for payment. The VAT calculation is based on the average market value of the fixed asset at the date of transfer.

The loss received from donation is reflected in posting D99 K91 / 9.

Postings for the gratuitous transfer of fixed assets:

Contribution of a fixed asset to the authorized capital of another enterprise

Let's consider another way to dispose of fixed assets - making it into the authorized capital of another organization. The transfer is similarly formalized by the act of acceptance and transfer.

The contribution of fixed assets to the authorized capital is considered a financial investment of the enterprise in order to receive income in the form of dividends, therefore, account 58 “Financial investments” is used to reflect this operation.

Initially, postings are made to write off the initial cost and depreciation: D01/2 K01/1 and D02 K01/2.

The posting for the transfer of fixed assets to another enterprise looks like: D76 K01 / 2, which is carried out for the amount of the residual value of the fixed assets.

At the same time, a debt is formed on a contribution to the authorized capital, which is reflected in posting D58 K76.

It is not necessary to charge VAT on the cost of fixed assets, since this operation is not equated to sales, but is considered an investment by the enterprise.

Postings when making a fixed asset in the Criminal Code of another enterprise:

Lease of fixed assets

When transferring fixed assets for temporary use from one organization to another, it becomes necessary to account for the lease of objects from both the lessor and the lessee.

The property is transferred on the basis of a lease agreement, which specifies the details of the parties (lessor and tenant), as well as the period for which the property is transferred. When transferring fixed assets for a period of less than 12 months, we observe a short-term lease, for a period of more than 12 months - a long-term lease. Also, the agreement may reflect the possibility of transferring ownership of the leased property and indicate the conditions under which this is possible.

The accounting records of the leased fixed assets must be maintained by both parties to the transaction. With the help of postings, the lessor reflects the transfer of the object for rent, and the tenant - their acceptance. Let's figure out what accounting entries for the lease of fixed assets should be reflected by both parties.

Accounting for the lease of fixed assets from the lessor

The owner of an item of fixed assets, for example, equipment, has the right to transfer this equipment for temporary use to another organization. This may be an isolated case, or the organization may specialize in leasing property and for it such operations are a common activity.

We will analyze both cases, since the accounting for expenses and income in both cases differs markedly.

By the way, despite the fact that the fixed asset was leased to another enterprise, the object still continues to be listed on the balance sheet of the lessor and, therefore, it must be depreciated monthly.

To account for the transfer of an asset for lease, a separate sub-account “Integrated assets leased” is opened on account 01, the transfer of an asset for lease is reflected by posting D01.OS in lease D01.OS in operation.

The transfer itself is drawn up by an act of acceptance and transfer in the form of OS-1, OS-1a or OS-1b.

Leasing of fixed assets is the main activity of the enterprise

In this case, account 90 “Sales” is used to record all income and expenses from lease operations. The debit of this account collects all the expenses associated with the lease, the income on the loan.

The expenses can be monthly depreciation, transportation and installation costs of the facility (if this happens at the expense of the lessor), expenses for current or major repairs (again, if this happens at the expense of the owner of the equipment) and other related expenses.

The income is the rental payments that the tenant pays to the owner of the object.

The entry for accounting for rental expenses looks like: D90 / 2 K20, 23, 26 (44).

Posting for accrual of lease payments looks like: D76 K90/1.

Posting on receipt of these payments: D51 K76.

Every month, the final financial result from the lease is considered on account 90, the profit received is reflected in the posting D90/9 K99, if the expenses exceeded the income, then we observe a loss, which is reflected in the posting D99 K90/9.

If the lease payments include VAT, then it must be separated from the amount of payments (posting D90/3 K68.VAT) and paid to the budget (D68.VAT K51).

Lease of fixed assets is a one-time operation

In this case, account 91 “Other income and expenses” is used to account for expenses and income.

Similarly, debit account 91 collects expenses associated with a leased fixed asset, credit account 91 - income.

Fixed asset lease accounting entries:

D91 / 2 K20, 23, 26 (44) - expenses for the lease of fixed assets are taken into account.

D76 K91 / 1 - lease payments have been accrued.

D51 K76 - payment for the rental of fixed assets has been received.

When the fixed asset is returned to account 01, a reverse posting is made D01.OS in operation K01.OS in lease. And also a mark is made in the act of acceptance and transfer of this OS.

Accounting for a leased asset with a tenant

When receiving any equipment for temporary use from another organization, the organization records it on the off-balance account 001. The cost indicated in the anerda agreement is entered in the debit of account 001.

At the same time, the organization can start inventory cards for these fixed assets.

Since the object continues to be listed on the balance sheet of its owner, the tenant does not charge depreciation on it.

The tenant writes off the costs of lease payments by posting D20 (44) K76, their payment to the lessor is reflected by posting D76 K51.

The tenant allocates VAT included in the rental amount by posting D19 K76 and directs it to reimbursement from the budget by posting D68. VAT K19.

If the tenant returns his property to the owner, then in the tenant's accounting it must be removed from account 001, for which its value is reflected in credit 001.

If the tenant wants to pay rent payments ahead of time, then you can use account 97 “Deferred expenses”. D97 K76 wiring is in progress. After that, monthly it is necessary to carry out posting D20, 23, 26 (44) K97.

Repair of a leased fixed asset

If the leased object requires repair, then it is carried out depending on the conditions specified in the lease agreement.

At the expense of the tenant:

If the tenant repairs the OS on its own, then all repair costs are debited by postings:

D20 (44) K10 - the cost of materials spent on repairs was written off.

D20 (44) K70 - the accrued wages of employees involved in the repair of a leased OS were written off.

D20 (44) K69 - insurance premiums are accrued from the salary of these employees.

D20 (44) K76 - reflects the costs of the services of third-party organizations engaged in repairs.

D19 K76 - allocated VAT on services of third-party organizations.

D68.VAT K19 - VAT is deductible.

By the lessor:

If the OS is being repaired by its owner, then all the above entries are made in the lessor's accounting.

Also, these expenses can be offset against future lease payments, while all expenses associated with the repair and collected on the debit of account 20 or 44 are written off by posting D76 K20 (44).

Redemption of a leased fixed asset:

The ability to buy out the OS is usually written into the lease agreement. In this case, as a rule, the tenant pays the cost of this equipment to its owner (posting D76 K51). The redemption price is usually reflected in the text of the lease agreement.

The costs associated with the redemption of the object are collected under the debit of account 08, this includes the redemption value (posting D08 K76), as well as lease payments paid earlier. These lease payments will be accounted for as accrued depreciation in posting D08 K02.

The purchased object is put into operation, while the accountant makes posting D01 K08.

Based on materials: buhs0.ru

Organization of accounting of fixed assets. Accounting of fixed assets of the enterprise Status of accounting of fixed assets

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