How can you solve the housing problem? The problem of providing housing for young families

One of the acute problems in the practice of providing premises to needy citizens is the provision of housing for orphans.

Orphans and children without parental care, persons from among orphans and children without parental care who are not employers residential premises under social tenancy agreements or family members of the tenant of residential premises under a social tenancy agreement, or owners of residential premises, as well as orphans and children without parental care, persons from among orphans and children without parental care who are tenants residential premises under social tenancy agreements or family members of the tenant of residential premises under a social tenancy agreement or owners of residential premises, if their residence in previously occupied residential premises is recognized as impossible, by the executive authority of the subject Russian Federation, on whose territory the place of residence of these persons is located, in the order established by law of this subject of the Russian Federation, comfortable residential premises of a specialized housing stock are provided one-time under contracts for the rental of specialized residential premises. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One) dated November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on March 8, 2015). - Access mode: http://base.consultant.ru/. - Cap. from the screen...

Residential premises are provided to the persons mentioned above upon reaching the age of 18 years, as well as in the event that they acquire full legal capacity before reaching adulthood. In cases provided for by the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, residential premises may be provided earlier than upon reaching the age of 18 years.

According to the statement in writing, living quarters are provided to them upon completion of their stay in educational institutions, social service institutions, healthcare institutions and other institutions created in accordance with the procedure established by law for orphans and children without parental care, as well as upon completion of training in educational organizations professional education, or completion of military service upon conscription, or completion of serving a sentence in correctional institutions Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 21, 1996 No. 159 “On additional guarantees for social protection orphans and children left without parental care” (as amended on November 25, 2014). - Access mode: http://base.consultant.ru/. - Cap. from the screen.. The rental agreement for specialized residential premises is valid for five years.

If certain circumstances of assistance in overcoming a difficult life situation are identified, the rental agreement for specialized residential premises may be concluded for a new five-year period by decision of the executive authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The procedure for identifying these circumstances is established by the legislation of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. A lease agreement for specialized residential premises can be concluded for a new five-year period no more than once. Popov S.N., Mishunina A.A. On the peculiarities of the implementation of state housing policy in Russia on modern stage// Power. - 2009. - No. 11. - pp. 112-114..

Upon expiration of the term of the rental agreement for specialized residential premises, the executive body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation that manages the state housing stock is obliged to make a decision on the exclusion of residential premises from the specialized housing stock and conclude a social rental agreement with persons without parental care in relation to this residential premises in the manner established by the legislation of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

The right to provide housing is reserved for persons who belong to the category of orphans and children left without parental care, persons from among orphans and children left without parental care, and have reached the age of 23 years, until they are actually provided with living quarters.

Let us give an example of judicial practice.

Semenov R.G. filed a claim with the Balezinsky District Court against the Department for Family Affairs and Child Protection of the Municipal Formation "Balesinsky District" to restore the missed deadline for filing an application for the provision of residential premises. The statement of claim is justified by the fact that at the beginning of DD.MM.YYYY I learned from the media that the guardianship and trusteeship authorities are obliged to provide the plaintiff, as an orphan, with housing or monetary compensation for the purchase or construction of housing on their own. Having learned this information, I contacted the guardianship and trusteeship authorities of the city of Glazov. DD.MM.YYYY received a letter from the Ministry of Education of the UR from DD.MM.YYYY No. stating that in the plaintiff’s registration file as an orphan, an application for the provision of living quarters, as well as information about the need for living quarters, is missing. The plaintiff does not have special legal knowledge, and the guardianship and trusteeship authorities of the Balezinsky District municipality did not explain that the plaintiff has the above-mentioned right; the guardians also did not know this information. Currently, the plaintiff is in dire need of housing; he has a minor child. Requests to restore the deadline for filing an application for the provision of residential premises for orphans on the basis of Federal Law No. 159-FZ of December 21, 1996. The court satisfied the claim by the Decision of the Glazovsky District Court (Udmurt Republic) No. 2-297/2015 dated January 28, 2015 - Access mode: http://sudact.ru/. - Cap. from the screen...

The most pressing problem is providing housing for orphans who left orphanages and became parents themselves in some cases. Thanks to the fact that the regional budget allocates a large amount of funds, housing is purchased and, naturally, this topic is discussed, new people appear who were infringed on their rights - at one time they were not registered or on the waiting list, or they did not know that they needed to get up in line Kundalev-Lychkovsky E.V. Supervision over the implementation of legislation in the implementation of the priority national project “Affordable and comfortable housing for Russian citizens” // Legality. - 2013. - N 7. - P. 22 - 24..

The applicants are orphans and children without parental care who have reached the age of 16 years, legal representatives, their legal representatives, persons from among orphans and children without parental care.

To receive the service, you must submit an application with an application necessary documents to the Department of Municipal Housing of the Administration of Izhevsk directly by the applicant (if he reaches 16 years of age) or by the legal representative of the applicant. As a result of the provision of municipal services, the applicant is given a decision on registration for obtaining residential premises (or refusal to register) Resolution of the Administration of the city of Izhevsk UR dated 27.01. 2012 No. 74 “On approval of the Administrative Regulations of the municipal service “Registration of orphans and children without parental care, as well as persons from among orphans and children without parental care.” - Access mode: http://base.consultant.ru/. - Cap. from the screen...

Today in Udmurtia there are 6,773 orphans and children left without parental care. Of these, 1,282 are in institutions for orphans. 946 have the right to receive housing. In 2014, the budget allocated almost 192 million rubles to provide housing. More than 88 million rubles have been allocated from the federal budget. As of January 1 of this year, 205 residential premises were purchased for 218 orphans Report on activities for 2014 // Official website of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Udmurt Republic and the Committee on Family Affairs and Demographic Policy under the Government of the Udmurt Republic. - Access mode: http://semya.udmurt.ru/. - Cap. from the screen...

According to the new housing provision system, an orphan is provided with an apartment for 5 years on social rental terms. If during this time he did not have time to socialize (was ill, did not find a job), the period is extended for another five years. All this time, the orphanage graduate pays only for utilities. Next, the housing is transferred for use. In 5 years, when the child receives an education and perhaps gets married, he can sell the home and dispose of it further as he wants. If a graduate of an orphanage has problems with employment, social rehabilitation or law and order, the employment contract can be extended for another five years Tarusina N.N. Family legislation of Russia and neighboring countries on guardianship and trusteeship: Comparative characteristics approaches // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. - 2013. - No. 4. - P. 50 - 53.

We believe that the amendment to the law was made correctly. It is quite rightly stated that children leave the orphanage completely unadapted to adult life, do not understand what value this housing represents, and became victims of fraud when an apartment or house was bought from them, providing either a small amount money, or housing that is incomparable to the one he was given. Therefore, this period of five years is necessary for him to understand that in the future it will be his property, so that he feels like a master in it. And again, protect his rights and interests so that the orphan does not remain homeless. In addition, now children over 23 years of age, who have still not been able to realize their right to housing, can stand in line to purchase it until they receive it.

Despite the work being done, problems with providing housing for orphans and children without parental care remain. Immediately five adult children with the status of an orphan or a child left without parental care turned to the human rights center for help. All of them, at different times, submitted applications to the Administration of the cities and districts in which they live, with a request to provide them with housing on an emergency basis. The press service of the human rights center said that representatives of the Administrations acted like a carbon copy, handing over to everyone a decision on placing in the queue for housing, citing the fact that at the moment they were not able to provide it, and also that the issue would be resolved according to as funds become available for these purposes. Meanwhile, according to current legislation, orphans and children left without parental care have the right to extraordinary receipt housing, accordingly, there can be no talk of any registration. Human rights activists will appeal to the republican prosecutor's office with a request to protect the rights of orphans Voronovich S.O. Socio-economic features of the development of the residential real estate market in Russia // Bulletin of KSU named after. ON THE. Nekrasova. - 2011. - No. 4. - pp. 76-78..

In addition, as the ministry notes, recently orphans have begun to actively apply to the courts regarding issues of housing. Last year alone, there were 162 similar court decisions in Udmurtia. Currently, another 483 similar cases are being considered in the courtsNews of Udmurtia. - Access mode: http://udmurtia.tv/taxonomy/term/539/0. - Cap. from the screen...

To provide housing for orphans, it is planned to create a specialized housing stock. In this issue, Udmurtia places great emphasis on housing construction, since the previous practice, which involved allocating money to municipalities for the purchase of housing, gave rise to a large number of abuses. Experience in the construction of housing for orphans is already being implemented in Izhevsk in the Leninsky district - this is the construction of separate apartment buildings. The minimum living space that a needy orphan can claim is 18 square meters. meters, maximum - 36 meters. The Ministry of Construction of Udmurtia is currently developing a project for a separate apartment for a specialized housing stock (its area will be approximately 24 sq. m.), as well as a project for a separate rural house.

In Udmurtia, work on the construction of their own housing stock began last year. Houses are being built in Izhevsk, Mozhga, Vavozhsky, Votkinsk, Seltinsky, Yukamensky and Igrinsky districts. Currently, 51 residential premises have been commissioned. Gorodilova E. Newspaper column: Udmurt Republic. - Access mode: http://izhevsk.mk.ru/article/2013/02/27/818791-pravo-na-zhile.html. - Cap. from the screen. .

However, this quantity is not enough, and municipalities face certain problems in purchasing housing on the secondary market. To solve them, possible solutions are possible, namely: it is necessary to develop optimal projects for the construction of new houses for orphans, and also to consider the possibility of reconstructing existing buildings (abandoned, unfinished buildings, vacant residential premises) into houses for orphans Z.L. Garipova. The role of the state in raising housing standards of the population through ensuring housing affordability // SISP. - 2012. - No. 1. - pp. 82-84..

The President of Udmurtia noted that there are quite a lot of houses in the region that are suitable for living, subject to major repairs. As an example, he cited a two-story, three-entrance house with 24 apartments in the Mozhginsky district. It currently stands without windows, but it will be much cheaper to renovate than to build new house. And such buildings exist in almost every district.

We believe that in order to solve this problem, it is necessary to develop and adopt a Republican target program for the repair and transfer of dilapidated housing to a fund for supporting orphans and children without parental care. The implementation of this program will make it possible to provide housing for a larger number of orphans and children left without parental care Aimaletdinov T.A. Russians’ ideas about mortgages as a way to improve their living conditions // Monitoring. - 2013. - No. 3. - P. 115..

As part of the program, Administrations of municipal districts will provide information about housing suitable for habitation, what repairs the residential premises require, and the number of proposed places.

In accordance with the Law on Education, it is clearly defined that orphans and children left without parental care, as well as persons under the age of 23 from among orphans and children left without parental care, are admitted to institutions without competition. Law of the Udmurt Republic dated 03/06/2007 No. 2 - RZ (as amended on 02/04/2015) “On measures of social support for orphans and children without parental care.” - Access mode: http://base.consultant.ru/. - Cap. from the screen...

Despite the general requirements for the admission of citizens to educational institutions, orphans who do not have assigned housing are forced to choose only those vocational schools that have dormitories. Therefore, if a vocational school does not have a dormitory, it must provide living space to the applicant.

In recent years, situations have increasingly arisen when vocational education institutions deny the right to education to orphans due to the fact that this category of children is difficult, not law-abiding, prone to antisocial actions, and poorly motivated to study.

When admitted to a vocational school, the personal file of an orphan at the end of his stay in an organization for orphans is sent to the guardianship and trusteeship authority at the place of residence (study).

The guardianship and trusteeship authority at the new place of residence, no later than the day following the day of receipt of the personal file, is obliged to register the ward in the prescribed manner. In educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, nonresident applicants from among orphans and children left without parental care are provided with free meals from the moment of their arrival at the educational institution until enrollment in studies. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 18. 2009 No. 423 (as amended on February 14, 2013) “About individual issues implementation of guardianship and trusteeship in relation to minor citizens.” - Access mode: http://base.consultant.ru/. - Cap. from the screen...

In real life, the directors of orphanages bring children to professional institutions on August 30-31, but by September 15, the children, not being enrolled - (there is no order for the institution), experiencing a negative, sometimes incorrect attitude of the teaching staff or under the influence of psychological pressure, voluntarily leave the institution, and social teachers of professional institutions, do not know where the children are and untimely inform the guardianship authorities about this, do not put them on the wanted list, but present the director of the orphanage with a fact about the absence of the child in the professional institution Nikitenko E.V. Analysis of the level of housing affordability // IVD. - 2012. - No. 41. - P. 42-45..

Every year, a fairly large number of orphans are released from orphanages. The analysis shows that almost all graduates of orphanages enter vocational education institutions. In 2012, the share of graduates who entered vocational education institutions amounted to 98.0% of the total number of graduates.

In judicial practice, there are examples of orphans turning to court in order to protect their right to housing.

For example, Norseev P.M. went to court with statement of claim to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Urals on the provision of residential premises within the locality<адрес>, meeting the established requirements. The claims are motivated by the fact that the plaintiff is<данные изъяты>. The plaintiff was recognized as in need of housing, and was registered for housing on October 13, 2010. For Norseev P.M. residential premises have been preserved at the address:<адрес>, which by decree of the administration of the Moscow Region "<адрес>"from 10/12/2010<номер>declared unfit for habitation. He does not own any property and is not a tenant or a member of the tenant’s family under a social tenancy agreement. The obligation to provide residential premises is assigned to the defendant, however, residential premises have not yet been provided.

At the court hearing, plaintiff Norseev P.M. supported the claims and asked them to satisfy them.

In written objections, the representative of the defendant did not recognize the claim, pointing out that the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 8-RZ “On the provision of living quarters for orphans and children without parental care, as well as persons from among orphans and children without parental care” provided new order providing housing for persons of this category. In accordance with this procedure, persons of this category are required to submit applications to the guardianship and trusteeship authority, which verifies the information provided by the applicant and draws up a conclusion. Based on the positive conclusion of the guardianship and trusteeship authority, the defendant includes the person in the republican list of persons of this category who are subject to provision of residential premises in the Udmurt Republic. The plaintiff was included in the republican list of orphans and children left without parental care who are subject to provision of living quarters in the Udmurt Republic. Next, the authorized body will make a decision to provide the plaintiff with residential premises, the deadline for making a decision on the provision of residential premises is not established by law, the specified housing stock in the Udmurt Republic is currently at the stage of formation. Uskova T.V., Gordina O.N. Ways to solve the housing problem in the region // Problems of territory development. - 2010. - No. 4. - pp. 75-78..

Having examined the case materials, the court found the claims to be satisfied. Decision of the Oktyabrsky District Court of Izhevsk (Udmurt Republic) No. 2-1619/2015 dated February 19, 2015 - Access mode: http://sudact.ru/. - Cap. from the screen...

The following activities were carried out in the Udmurt Republic to organize post-boarding support. Created:

electronic database of graduates of educational institutions for orphans;

social hotel;

social adaptation programs in educational institutions for orphans.

It is planned to create a Center for post-boarding support...

In 2011, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Udmurt Republic created a regional electronic database on graduates of educational institutions for orphans and children left without parental care, which contains: personal information of the orphan, information about the primary place of identification of the child, his location in the institution for orphans, information about parents, the presence of disabilities, information about housing, placement for further studies, employment, data on offenses.

In 2011, as part of the implementation of the Demographic Development Program of the Udmurt Republic for 2011-2015, (subprogram “Comprehensive measures for the prevention of social orphanhood of children in the Udmurt Republic”), the Municipal Education “City of Izhevsk” received financial resources for the creation and opening of a Support Center on the basis of the NGO women's initiatives "Warm House" social hotel for graduates of educational institutions for orphans and children without parental care, under the age of 23, who do not have assigned housing, before they enter vocational educational institutions or are allocated their own housing Erypalova E.S. . Prospects for use in Russian conditions foreign experience organization of land use and implementation of housing programs // Izvestia IGEA. - 2009. - No. 6. - pp. 41-43..

Thus, we can conclude that the amount of housing for orphans and children left without parental care is not enough, and municipalities face certain problems in purchasing it on the secondary market. To solve them, possible solutions are possible, namely: it is necessary to develop optimal projects for the construction of new houses for orphans, as well as consider the possibility of reconstructing existing buildings (abandoned, unfinished buildings, vacant residential premises) into houses for orphans.

Let us indicate several examples of such relationships: direct application of the general norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on transactions and agreements to the division of inheritance (clause 2, clause 1, Article 1165 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Subsidiary application of general norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation

The legal foundations of the state housing policy were laid, first of all, by the Law of the Russian Federation of July 4, 1991 No. 1541-I “On the privatization of the housing stock in the Russian Federation” and the Law of the Russian Federation of December 24, 1992 No. 4218-1 “On the foundations of the federal housing policy ".

Thanks to the implementation of these laws, an actual diversity of forms of housing ownership has been established; the majority of the country's citizens have become owners of occupied apartments and residential premises.

Law of the Russian Federation of December 24, 1992 No. 4218-1 “On the fundamentals of federal housing policy” became invalid due to the adoption of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2004 No. 188-FZ.

The current housing legislation establishes that only those citizens who are recognized as needing to improve their living conditions in the prescribed manner have the right to receive housing in state and municipal housing stock. In turn, the classification of citizens as low-income people is established as a criterion of need. An exception is made only for certain preferential categories.

According to the Government of the Russian Federation, the share of private housing stock for 1990 - 2004 increased from 33 to 73.5 percent, and the share of state and municipal housing stock decreased from 67 to 25.6 percent, of which 20.1 percent is municipal housing stock.

Every year, transactions are carried out that involve more than 4.5 percent of residential buildings and apartments located in private property, which is a significant indicator during the formation of the housing market.

Radical changes have occurred in housing construction. Private and individual developers began to play the main role here. The share of housing introduced by partial and individual developers in the total volume of housing construction in 2003 amounted to more than 71.3 percent, of which 39.2 percent by individual developers.

At the same time, along with the indicated positive results of the transformations, it has not yet been possible to ensure a significant improvement in the situation in the housing sector, increase the affordability of housing for the population and provide comfortable and safe living conditions.

Data from sociological surveys show that the housing problem faces 61 percent of Russian families, who are to one degree or another dissatisfied with their housing conditions. Moreover, every fourth family has housing that is in poor or very poor condition. The total need of the Russian population for housing is 1570 million square meters. m, to meet this need it is necessary to increase the housing stock by 46 percent.

Despite the creation of the foundations for the functioning of the housing market, the acquisition, construction and rental of housing using market mechanisms in practice is still available only to a limited number of families - families with high incomes. The main reasons for the low effective demand for housing are the underdevelopment of long-term housing lending institutions, the infrastructure of the housing market and mortgage lending, as well as the high level of risks and costs in this market.

Based on these assessments, the Federal Target Program "Housing" for 2002 - 2010 was developed and approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 17, 2001 No. 675.

In order to increase the affordability of housing for the population, the program provided for the provision of conditions for the development of a housing mortgage lending system and other mechanisms for expanding effective demand, a system for refinancing housing mortgage loans and the mortgage market valuable papers, market and administrative state infrastructure, as well as provide budget support for the purchase of housing, including with the help mortgage loans and loans to young families.

By 2010, the volume of housing construction was expected to increase to at least 80 million square meters. m, and mortgage rates will decrease to 8% per annum. At the same time, every third citizen of the country should have been able to purchase housing using their own or borrowed funds (two thirds could not. Therefore, this program is designed for wealthy segments of the population).

In addition, measures are envisaged to improve housing legislation. The government intends to promote the development of mass housing development, reduce the time required for approval of construction documentation and simplify the allocation of land for development; eliminate “corruption schemes” and local monopolies; develop low-rise housing construction and promote the formation of a market for building materials.

The solution to the housing problem should be facilitated by the priority national project “Affordable and comfortable housing for Russian citizens” designed for 6 years.

. The main focus of the project is on increasing the volume of mortgage lending and housing construction. By reducing the rate of ruble loans from 14% to 8% and increasing the terms of their payments, it is planned to increase the number of annually issued mortgage loans in four to five years to 1 million, and the volume of lending to the population to 415 billion rubles/year. The rates will be reduced gradually: by 2007 to 11%, by 2010 to 8%. The program to provide citizens with affordable housing should be implemented in three stages; by 2010, it is planned to commission about 80 million sq.m. new housing. The share of families using a mortgage should increase from 8 % up to 30%

At the first stage (2006–2007), the President of Russia identified four priorities:

Increasing volumes of mortgage housing lending.

Increasing housing affordability.

Increasing the volume of housing construction and modernizing public infrastructure facilities.

Fulfillment of state obligations to provide housing to established categories of citizens.

To implement the first priority, government support for the refinancing system for residential mortgage loans and the development of the infrastructure of the mortgage securities market are provided. This will increase the volume of mortgage lending and reduce the interest rate on loans.

As part of the second priority, state support is provided to young families in purchasing apartments or constructing individual housing in own funds or through home mortgage loans. (the results are very modest. The families that received support constitute an insignificant share of those in need and belong to the middle strata of the population, already capable of purchasing housing).

To implement the third priority, the state will reduce administrative barriers, improve procedures for providing land plots for development, provide assistance in the implementation of large investment projects, provide state guarantees for loans to provide land plots with engineering infrastructure and will subsidize the interest rate on such loans. In addition, municipalities have the right to pledge municipal and undelimited lands to obtain investment loans for the construction of engineering infrastructure.

As part of the fourth priority, the state must intensify the fulfillment of its obligations to veterans and disabled people, and municipalities must increase the volume of social housing provided. Military personnel and some other categories of citizens will be provided with subsidies for the purchase of housing through the implementation of the state housing certificates program.

The budget of the priority national project (federal budget funds) at the first stage (2006–2007) amounted to 134.3 billion rubles, including direct costs - 84.7 billion rubles. and state guarantees - 49.6 billion rubles. The bulk of funding should be provided by extra-budgetary sources. Thanks to government support, subsidizing interest rates on loans and providing government guarantees to construction companies, banks and other enterprises, it will become more profitable to work in the housing construction market. They will incur fewer expenses, economic risks and, as a result, housing prices should decrease.

There is no data in the literature on the second stage of the national project.

The implementation of the first stage of the national project showed an imbalance in the measures envisaged by it.

Height mortgage lending really increased the demand for housing.

However, the national project did not provide for measures to develop and strengthen construction organizations and construction industry enterprises.

As a result, the pace of commissioning of residential space began to lag behind the growth of effective demand, which caused a sharp increase in housing prices.

Mortgage loans remained poorly accessible to citizens with average and even lower incomes.

In November 2008, by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1662-r, the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020 was approved.

The Concept states that despite the creation of the foundations for the functioning of the housing market, the acquisition, construction and rental of housing using market mechanisms in practice are still available only to a limited circle of families - families with high incomes. The main reasons for the low effective demand for housing are the insufficient development of long-term housing lending institutions, housing market infrastructure and residential mortgage lending, as well as the high level of risks and costs in this market. However, even the limited effective demand of the population for housing exceeds supply and leads to a constant increase in prices. In this situation, most of the housing construction is financed directly from the population.

In other words, none of the problems that were identified at the beginning of the implementation of the national project have been resolved in practice.

The Concept notes that a significant obstacle to the development of mass housing construction continues to be the limited ability to provide land plots and the necessary engineering, transport and social infrastructure.

The strategic goal of the state housing policy is to ensure the availability of housing for all categories of citizens, as well as the correspondence of the volume of comfortable housing stock to the needs of the population.

It is necessary to provide conditions for a significant increase in the volume of housing construction in order to increase the supply of housing in a competitive market. For these purposes, the Federal Fund for Assistance to the Development of Housing Construction has been created, to which, in order to expand the scope of effective support for mass housing construction for all categories of citizens, land plots that are federally owned and not used to implement the powers of the Russian Federation will be transferred.

The development of mass housing construction will require the development of the industrial base of the construction industry and industry building materials, stimulating the use of new technologies in construction and new building materials, developing free competition between private commercial and non-profit developers.

To provide mass housing construction sites with engineering, communication and social infrastructure and develop the land market, the practice of public-private partnership will be formed, which will ensure the construction and reconstruction of engineering and social infrastructure in accordance with the needs of housing construction, especially with the integrated development of land plots.

Low-rise development will receive active development, including those using prefabricated wooden structures based on modern technologies.

It can be stated that the ongoing economic crisis is unlikely to make it possible to implement the provisions of the Concept in the foreseeable future. (The housing lending program has practically failed due to the crisis. The state’s share in financing mortgage lending in 2009 decreased from 600 billion to 60 billion rubles. At the same time, loans are received not by citizens, but by banks, which profit from the difference in interest rates. The Government's attempts to rein in the banks are proving futile. Due to the surge in unemployment, the situation of many citizens who took out mortgage loans is tragic. In this situation, the state saves banks, not citizens).

In general, today housing construction and the housing market have declined sharply due mainly to a reduction in the investments of the middle strata of the population in the purchase of housing, which was previous years due to the constant and rapid rise in prices, it is a good way to invest available funds.

One of the most serious socio-economic problems modern Russia is the housing issue. It is no secret that a significant part of the country’s population, especially in large cities, feels the need to improve living conditions, or even in purchasing at least some kind of home. The level of housing provision for citizens is the root of many other serious problems in Russian society - the crisis of the family institution, the decline in the birth rate, and simply the comfort and well-being of the lives of Russian citizens. When a significant part of the population is not adequately provided with housing, this harms not only these specific people, but also the state as a whole, including its security, development prospects and strengthening of its position in the world. After all, housing problems are in direct connection with socio-demographic problems, with problems of social polarization of the population, that is, they set a certain vector social development Russian state and society. On Russian market Housing there is a very significant price polarization - housing prices in Moscow, in large cities of the country, in small towns and in rural areas vary many times. In some depressed regions of Russia, housing can be bought for hundreds and even tens of thousands of rubles, while in the capital of the country, in large cities, housing, even “economy class”, costs at least several million rubles. Thus, a huge part of the population is deprived of the opportunity to purchase their own housing in large cities, and if we take into account that the bulk of the country’s population is currently concentrated in cities, then we should pay attention to the direct connection between the birth rate and the housing security of the country’s population. In rural areas, issues of purchasing housing are easier to resolve, but the lack of work and the low level of development of social infrastructure make purchasing housing “in the countryside” pointless, especially for young professionals.

Household transformation and housing problem

It is housing problems that are becoming one of the reasons for the transformation of Russian households. Thus, the report by Ksenia Abanokova “Russian households: evolution of structure and consumption” emphasizes that recently classic model a household consisting of parents and minor children living under the same roof comes either living alone or living in a complex family - with older relatives, the parents of the wife or husband, and other relatives. According to the researcher, just from 1989 to 2010, the share of traditional families (that is, parents plus minor children) decreased from 77% to 67% of households. The number of one-person households increased by 19%. The number of families with a complex composition (parents plus adult children, older relatives, brothers and sisters, etc.) increased from 23% to 33%. Such a phenomenon as a decrease in the number of traditional families in the household structure is a specific response to the deterioration in the material well-being of the Russian population. Most often, married couples prefer to separate from older relatives, and if this separation does not occur, then in most cases it is due to the lack of financial ability to separate. After all, not every Russian family can currently afford to purchase their own home, especially at a young age. On the other hand, the very fact of creating a family is often associated with the availability of conditions for starting a family. Meanwhile, many Russians simply have nowhere to bring their wife or husband, nowhere to give birth to children, and not every family has the opportunity to take out a mortgage or even rent a house. Again, in a large city, prices for rental housing are high and often comparable to salaries; in small cities, prices are significantly lower, but there unemployment is a serious obstacle to renting housing. It also forces people from small towns to migrate in search of work to larger cities, where they are also forced to spend significant amounts of money on rent and often cannot afford to start a family.

In sociological science, such a process is called “antinuclearization of the family.” Antinuclearization is characteristic of modern Russia due to the influence of several factors. Firstly, this is a very strong rise in the price of housing, especially in large cities, making its acquisition virtually impossible for most families of average and, especially, low income. The only solution for many young families is a mortgage, but not everything is smooth here, given the huge interest rates on mortgage payments, as well as the lack of stable work and stable incomes for a large number of Russian citizens. As a result, many young families are unable to purchase their own housing, even through mortgage loan, and are forced to live with older relatives of the husband or wife. Naturally, this very model of organizing family life is unhealthy and very often entails numerous everyday conflicts, which can ultimately lead to family discord and family breakdowns. Finally, the majority of even parent families have limited living space and live in two or three-room apartments, which directly affects the ability of young families to have children. If it is still possible to raise one child in the parent’s two-room apartment, then with two, and especially three, it is much more difficult. Moreover, the expansion of a young family here very closely depends on the opinion of the parents, and if the latter are against the birth of new children, they can easily influence the reproductive behavior of their adult children, which is also not a normal phenomenon. But young families, deprived of the opportunity to purchase their own housing, have no other choice, and they are forced to live with their parents - often until middle age, until the physical death of the latter, with the subsequent transfer of ownership of the apartment by inheritance (and then only if it is not subject to division with other relatives).

The second factor in the antinuclearization of families in modern Russia is the “infantilization” of the younger generation, as a result of which adult children, after reaching adulthood, choose to live with their parents, even if they have the opportunity to move away. Social growing up in modern world occurs much later than before, and at 22-25 years old, or even 30 years old, many young people continue to live with their parents and, accordingly, do not create their own households. They are also prompted to make this choice by the opportunity to maintain freedom from family ties for longer, including financial and temporary freedom. However, here too there is an obvious correlation with high housing prices. Living with your parents is obviously much cheaper than renting an apartment and taking out a mortgage. Even if you have the funds to buy housing, you can rent out the purchased housing and maintain a higher standard of living, or you can not buy housing, but spend the money on other purposes. Thus, in most Russian families, adult children living with their parents or other older relatives, one way or another, has financial grounds. By the way, it is financial issues that often become decisive in terms of having offspring - having a family is now “expensive”, so many Russians of both sexes prefer to postpone the time of marriage and, especially, childbearing, as far back as possible. Naturally, the birth of the first child in adulthood ultimately affects the number of potential children in a particular family or in a particular woman. That is, a dependency is established demographic situation in the country from solving the financial and housing problems of the population. Despite the fact that recently the state has taken certain steps towards stimulating the birth rate, they can be considered insufficient.

The housing question under capitalism and socialism

The problem of providing the population with affordable housing is as old as the world. With the development of urbanization and industrialization, a significant part of rural residents rushed to cities, which led to an increased concentration of the population in cities and, accordingly, to the emergence of the phenomenon of “housing need” (this term was introduced by Friedrich Engels). Building housing in the city on your own has always been much more difficult than in the countryside - both due to the lack of a large amount of free land, the need for expensive communications, and because of the need to obtain all kinds of permits for housing construction. Also urban population, the majority of whom work regularly and are busy at work, simply do not have the free time to independently build a home. Thus, the problem of providing housing in cities has always been much more acute than in rural areas. This problem became especially urgent with the formation of the modern appearance of cities, that is, with the beginning of construction apartment buildings. Housing construction in capitalist countries is carried out mainly by private companies in order to make a profit from the sale of constructed apartments. However, in this situation, that part of the population that does not have the necessary financial resources to purchase their own housing remains “on the street” - that is, they are forced to rent housing. In the modern world, conditions have been created for purchasing housing on a mortgage or in installments, which requires families or individual homebuyers to have a stable income and the ability to pay creditors a certain amount over a long period of time Money. On the other hand, a person’s dependence on a mortgage in the modern world acts as a guarantee of his obedience as an employee. The threat of being left without a job, having lost the ability to repay the loan, also implies the possible loss of a mortgaged home, which makes the mortgage buyer a more comfortable and obedient employee who fears losing his job and agrees to low wages and other unsatisfactory working conditions.

The significance of the housing issue in a capitalist society began to be highlighted by Friedrich Engels, whose works on the situation of the working class are considered fundamental. According to Engels, the main problems in the housing issue are overcrowding and poor sanitary living conditions of the working class. Over the more than century that has passed since the life of the classic of Marxism, living conditions in cities have, of course, changed. But the possibility of purchasing your own home has also become more difficult. As a result, a large number of workers were forced to rent housing, but this created additional financial difficulties, since not all families could afford to allocate significant funds from the family budget for rental housing. There were examples of the construction of charitable housing, but the housing problems of the population were fully resolved only in countries that chose the socialist path of development. The socialist way of solving the housing problem is truly unique, since it has no analogues in capitalist countries. If before the October Revolution of 1917 the solution to the housing problem was carried out in the same way as in other countries - people either bought housing with their own funds or built it themselves, or rented housing or huddled in premises provided by employers, then after the revolution a stunning experiment was carried out to provide the population with housing. Expropriation of the housing stock of wealthy segments of the population in the first post-revolutionary years and then, after the rejection of the “new economic policy", made it possible to resolve the issue of providing housing for the general population. Many mansions that belonged to the aristocracy and merchants, as well as wealthy burghers, were turned into apartment buildings, which made it possible to accommodate a huge number of people in need of housing.

Soviet housing policy

In the Soviet Union, and later in other socialist countries of the world, mass construction of social housing was carried out, distributed among all citizens in need of it. It began back in the 1920s, when the construction of houses for specialists and industrial workers, for military personnel began, and gained truly massive proportions in the 1960s - 1980s, when the entire Soviet Union was built up with standard “Khrushchev” and "Brezhnevka". The latter, in turn, were populated by families of very different social levels and material incomes moving from barracks and communal apartments. As a result, the problem of “homelessness” of the working population was practically eradicated in the USSR. Almost all Soviet citizens are residents of cities, with the exception of representatives of the “social bottom” who led an asocial lifestyle, thus becoming the owners of apartments or at least rooms in dormitories. Moreover, the provision of housing to citizens was carried out based on the composition of the family, which allowed families with several children to receive three or four-room apartments. Representatives of lower social groups who found work in enterprises were also provided with housing. At least they received rooms in communal apartments and dormitories. We can say that by the 1980s. The housing issue in the USSR was largely resolved. It is in Soviet housing that the majority of the country's population currently lives, and those who purchased apartments in new buildings largely used the resources of Soviet housing - their own or their parents' - to purchase them. However, the issue of providing decent housing to residents of dilapidated and dilapidated houses, as well as houses lacking modern amenities, remains relevant to this day. Indeed, even in large cities of Russia, up to the present day you can find a significant number of residential buildings without central water supply, sewerage and even gas. This creates a particularly negative contrast in comparison with new, comfortable housing being put into operation. And the situation when, next to new houses, people live in the infrastructure conditions of the century before last, is unacceptable, since it contributes to the deepening of social inequality, deprivation of the population, and represents fertile ground for the spread of socially negative, radical and extremist sentiments among part of the population.

Attempts to provide the entire population of the country with more or less decent housing were made at the end of the Soviet period. Then the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Mikhail Gorbachev, stated the goal of providing each Soviet family with a separate apartment by the year 2000. However, this goal, as we clearly see, was never achieved. One of the main reasons was the collapse of the socialist system, after which the solution to one’s housing problems began to be positioned as a matter for each specific family and each specific person. Of course, even in the Soviet period, the housing problem was not completely resolved - a huge number of Soviet citizens continued to live in emergency and dilapidated housing, in “communal apartments” and dorm rooms, and retained formal registration in orphanages, boarding schools, and penitentiary institutions. However, it is difficult to disagree with the fact that obvious efforts have been made to solve the housing problem, and these efforts have been extremely effective. New cities and towns were built, entire districts and microdistricts in old cities were put into operation. In fact, most of the housing stock in many cities of the country was built during the Soviet period - and this is one of the most important services of the Soviet government to the peoples of the republics that were part of the Soviet Union. By the way, the Soviet model for solving the housing problem became a model for introducing similar policies in a number of countries in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that have chosen the socialist path of development.

The collapse of the Soviet Union and Russia's transition to a market economy, of course, also affected the state of solving the population's housing problems. In the first post-reform years, both the state distribution of housing and the housing market were practically absent, since until 1995 only 4-13% of apartments were privately owned. The rest were not yet privatized in the first post-reform five-year plan. The bulk of housing transactions during this period were carried out through exchange, with supply significantly exceeding demand, since a large number of people wanted to change their conditions by moving to a new place of residence or receiving financial resources for reducing their living space, but people did not yet have the proper level of well-being allowing the purchase of real estate. The situation began to change in the process of further development market economy and improving the well-being of the population. Privatization of housing also played a big role in the development of the housing market and improving the well-being of the population, since people had the opportunity to inherit relatives’ apartments, sell them, rent them out, that is, housing turned into a real commodity, and high housing prices guaranteed the well-being of those “lucky” ones. , who owned extra housing, inherited from relatives or purchased for the purpose of investment. It was the period from the mid-1990s. and until the first half of the 2000s. was the most favorable for citizens in terms of purchasing housing, since housing prices had not yet risen to extremely high levels and left the possibility of purchasing housing for middle-income citizens. In the mid-2000s. housing prices began to rise rapidly, caused by currency inflation. At the same time, there was an intensification of commercial housing construction, and the mortgage market began to develop, which also contributed to the increase in the affordability of housing for categories of the population who previously did not have the opportunity to purchase housing with their own financial resources.

What is the situation with solving the housing problem?

By the mid-2000s, when the socio-economic situation of the Russian Federation had significantly stabilized, the country's leadership returned to forgotten Soviet ideas about solving the housing problems of the population. Back in September 2005, President of the Russian Federation V.V. During a meeting with the government, regional leaders and members of parliament, Putin announced the need to implement the project “Affordable and comfortable housing for Russian citizens.” In 2008, it was decided to transform the project into a state program, but the actual solution of the tasks set within the framework of this project never happened. Firstly, this was facilitated by economic problems associated with the crisis, and secondly, the state actually did not have the necessary resources to implement this project. In particular, it was envisaged already in 2010 to increase the volume of commissioning of new housing to 80 million square meters. meters. It was also supposed to solve the problems of reducing the deterioration of the housing stock in cities and villages of the Russian Federation, improving the quality utilities. However, none of these tasks was solved, since the commissioning of new housing in 2010 amounted to only 58.1 million square meters. meters, and the depreciation of the housing stock did not decrease and amounted to 60%. There are still many questions regarding the quality of housing and communal services provided to the population, with which a large number of Russian citizens who are owners and tenants of housing are still dissatisfied. More or less, the issue was resolved only with the provision of separate and comfortable housing for such a category of citizens as veterans of the Great Patriotic War, however, there are fewer and fewer of them every year, so solving this problem is no longer as difficult as it was 10-20 years ago .

Despite the fact that the living conditions of Russians are certainly improving, a huge number of our citizens continue to exist in undignified conditions. Firstly, there is a colossal number of homeless people, as well as “potential” homeless people - people who have registration in “state” institutions. Secondly, hundreds of thousands of Russian citizens continue to live in premises that are poorly suited for comfortable living - from construction trailers to the nomadic dwellings of the peoples of the North. Finally, despite the fact that the resettlement of communal apartments began in Soviet times, in recent years the number of residents of “communal apartments” has begun to increase. Communal rooms have again turned into housing in demand by Russians, especially in large cities, since migrants arriving from the “provinces” and many urban young families and individual citizens are not able to afford the purchase or even rent of isolated housing. There is another problem - the presence of people who formally have registration and even own shares in their parents’ apartments or relatives’ apartments, but in fact live in rented apartments all their lives, since they cannot afford to buy their own housing, but cannot live in parental apartments due to the small area of ​​​​the latter. The issue of providing Russian citizens with the required number of square meters for each family member remains very pressing. Many families with children, including two, three or more children, live in one-room apartments, “hotels” and “communal apartments”, in rooms in dormitories, with virtually no opportunity to improve their housing situation and acquire spacious housing that allows a comfortable existence for all family members. About 12% of Russian families continue to live with three or even four people in one room or even in part of a room. According to the provisions of the United Nations, this indicates that this housing is “slum,” that is, not intended for the comfortable and dignified existence of a modern person.

Emergency Fund - Putin instructed to resettle

The problem of dilapidated and dilapidated housing is very relevant for modern Russia. In 2013, the total housing stock of the Russian Federation was 3.3 billion square meters. Of these, 100 million sq.m. accounted for emergency and dilapidated housing. These are huge numbers. Moreover, if we take into account that not all truly unsafe and dilapidated houses are entered by municipal services into the appropriate registers, since this implies additional hassle for local authorities. In accordance with the law, emergency houses should be resettled first, but where should people be resettled from them if housing construction in Russia is carried out at a low pace, and commercial structures constructing new houses are not interested in providing housing to displaced persons from the emergency fund . Also in 2013, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin already expressed dissatisfaction with the low and slow pace of resettlement of Russians from emergency housing into comfortable apartments, since by 2013 it was planned to resettle 42 thousand Russian citizens, but in reality only 1.5 thousand citizens were resettled. The head of the Russian state set the task of resolving the issue of resettling Russian citizens from emergency housing by September 1, 2017, but it is not yet clear whether it can be resolved? It is planned to resettle out of 11 million sq. meters of emergency housing for about 777 thousand people. On May 6, 2014, a set of measures to eliminate the emergency housing stock in the Russian Federation was approved, within the framework of which specific indicators for total area and the total number of citizens of the Russian Federation subject to resettlement. The Ministry of Construction was tasked with creating new mechanisms providing for the resettlement of the emergency fund recognized as such after January 1, 2012. However, it is obvious that the implementation of this Set of measures will face a number of difficulties. After all, the pace of construction remains low, and the crisis of late 2014 - early 2015. significantly affected the condition Russian economy, including in housing construction. In this context, a very serious problem for the Russian state is the almost complete lack of practice in the construction of social housing, which many countries around the world are turning to. After all, a huge part of Russians, due to the insignificance of their income, will not be able to afford the purchase of their own apartments, including through mortgage lending. Accordingly, government support remains their only hope. A certain step in this direction has been made through the introduction maternity capital, which can be spent on purchasing housing, including paying the mortgage payment. However, the size of maternity capital - about half a million rubles - does not even allow one to buy a room in a communal apartment in a large city.

Of course, such an inattentive attitude to the housing issue not only affects the comfort of life of Russian citizens, but also gives rise to many social problems. The most serious of them is demographic. The lack of their own housing space and the possibility of acquiring it in the foreseeable future for many Russians becomes an obstacle to starting a family, having a child, not to mention the number of children sufficient for the reproduction of the population. To say that you can move to the “province”, where cheaper housing is to fall into demagoguery, since in most provincial cities, not to mention rural areas, there are no jobs, the necessary social infrastructure is at an extremely low level of development. The fact that today many Russian families live in their own housing, which gives them the opportunity to give birth and raise children, is a consequence of the achievements of the Soviet housing construction policy, since a significant part of the population is “eating up” the fruits of the Soviet era - using the housing stock of “Khrushchev”, “Brezhnevka” , “Stalin”, inherited from older generations of relatives. However, the permissible lifespan of these buildings is coming to an end, and the housing and communal infrastructure is deteriorating, which suggests that the housing problems facing the country will worsen in the near future. Thus, as of the beginning of 2013, there were more than 1.6 million apartment buildings in the country, which were worn out from 30 to 65% and, accordingly, needed immediate occupancy overhaul. About 45 million people live in such houses - almost a third of the entire population of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the total volume of housing stock with a degree of wear and tear of more than 66% is 56.9 million square meters. meters, including 38.4 million sq. meters of housing stock was recognized as dilapidated and 18.6 million - in disrepair. Sooner or later, the authorities will be faced with the question of the need to resettle the gradually deteriorating Soviet housing stock, which can only be done in the context of the deployment of mass housing construction, and not “spot development,” but development of entire blocks and microdistricts, as was done in Soviet times.

“Enclaves of poverty” and “depressed” settlements

Another problem that inevitably follows from the preservation of dilapidated housing stock is the “ghettoization” and “marginalization” of urban space. Already today, in many large cities, old areas, especially those built up with pre-revolutionary houses, are considered unfavorable for comfortable living. Those who remain in them are those who cannot afford to buy new housing or even sell the old one and use the proceeds to buy at least small apartments in more comfortable areas. Among these people there is a high percentage of socially maladjusted, marginal citizens. This creates a certain social background in such areas, affects the quality of life of the urban population and the state of the urban environment as a whole. On the other hand, such areas are actively populated by low-income foreign labor migrants, migrants from the provinces, which turns them into unique “enclaves” of social disadvantage. Finally, people living in dilapidated and dilapidated houses directly threatens their safety - life and health. There are frequent cases of fires in such houses, collapse of walls and ceilings, which, among other things, claim human lives. Can Russia risk its population like this? It is obvious that the lack of developed practice of responsibility of municipal and regional authorities for tragic incidents in dilapidated housing stock contributes to the “slowdown” of solving the housing problem of Russians. Therefore, it is advisable to tighten government control over the solution to the problem of resettlement of Russian citizens from dilapidated and dilapidated housing, with appropriate sanctions against employees of regional and municipal authorities and responsible control authorities who work in bad faith and sabotage the decisions of the federal authorities.

Finally, we should also address the problem of solving the problems of “depressive” cities, towns, and rural settlements, in which living is uncomfortable precisely because of the lack of developed infrastructure and mass unemployment. It is known that the collapse of industry that followed in the 1990s had a negative impact not only on the country’s economy, but also on its demography. Internal migration flows have increased due to the worsening uneven development of Russian regions and individual urban and rural settlements. People from “depressed” settlements, unable to find employment at their place of residence, are forced to leave for more prosperous cities and regions. There they create excitement in the housing market, increasing the cost of rental housing, but in “depressed” populated areas houses and apartments are empty. Even at low prices, selling an apartment or house in such a locality is very problematic - due to the lack of buyers who do not even consider the possibility of purchasing housing in a city or village with a lack of places to work, an undeveloped infrastructure of education, healthcare, leisure and entertainment, numerous social problems, including alcoholism and drug addiction of the population, an increase in crime, caused by mass unemployment and “hopelessness” of the local population. Living in such settlements is simply uncomfortable for their residents, and most importantly, it has no prospects. The only way to solve this problem is to revive industry and Agriculture countries, including in the “provinces”. However, so far we do not see the pace of accelerated emergence of new industrial enterprises or the development of agriculture, that is, it is extremely premature to talk about solving the problem under consideration in the foreseeable future.

The solution to the housing problems of modern Russia is inextricably linked with a general increase in the level of economic development country, with overcoming negative trends associated with the insufficient performance of local authorities and management. In February 2015, a meeting of the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation was held, dedicated to the socio-economic situation in the regions of the country. Following the meeting, President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin signed a number of instructions, including one related to solving the problem of resettling Russian citizens from dilapidated housing stock. It was instructed to ensure the unconditional implementation of regional programs for the resettlement of citizens from emergency housing stock, while the volume of state financial support in 2015 it was decided to keep it. Until April 30, 2016, heads of regions of the Russian Federation must submit reports on how the problem of relocating Russian citizens from emergency housing stock and providing those resettled with new comfortable housing is being solved. Indeed, over the past five years, 5.5 million square meters of emergency housing have been liquidated, about half a million Russian citizens have been resettled and received new comfortable apartments. But how many emergency and, especially, dilapidated residential buildings remain in operation? I would like to hope that the top leadership of the Russian state is truly concerned about solving the housing problems of Russians and will make efforts to further improve the quality of life of the country's population. Moreover, one of the main tasks in the general direction of ensuring national security and state sovereignty of the Russian Federation - demographic growth - depends on solving the housing problem.

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A. G. Kulikov

V. S. Yanin

In his first program article “Russia is concentrating - challenges that we must respond to,” V.V. Putin invited us to a discussion on the most important issues of the country’s socio-economic development. “Russian citizens ... should be given the opportunity to discuss not only the merits and demerits of politicians, which in itself is not bad, but content of policies, those programs which certain political figures intend to implement. Challenges and tasks that should be at the center of these programs... We need a broad dialogue about the future, about priorities, about long-term choices, national development and national priorities."

One of the most important priorities, and, in our opinion, the most important national priority today is providing the population with comfortable housing. Housing is a basic, irreplaceable human need, the security of which is the most important characteristic of the quality of life of the population. But it seems to us that today in Russia the most difficult problem to solve. We are ready support the desire of our national leader to understand national challenges and make his modest contribution to a positive response to these challenges. But for this there must be honesty, transparency And objectivity in covering these issues. And today we do not always take into account these principles of assessing “where we are and where we are going.” In particular, among the achievements of recent years, V.V. Putin named “Housing conditions have improved significantly.” But who have they improved and have they improved? It is our deep conviction that ensuring population housing has not improved over 20 years of reforms in Russia, and worsened. This is evidenced by: 1) a crisis in housing construction, 2) a crisis in the housing market (limited access to affordable housing), 3) a crisis in the brain, i.e. a crisis in housing policy.

1. Crisis in housing construction

As is known, in the Soviet period, the housing provision system corresponded to the ongoing housing policy and consisted of a centralized distribution of budget resources for the construction of public housing and its free distribution to citizens standing in line for improved housing conditions. In 1987, the share of government capital investments in housing construction exceeded 80%, and funds from the population (including funds from individual developers and members of housing construction cooperatives) - only 14.6%.

Back to top economic reforms In Russia there was no market mechanism for purchasing housing ownership.

During the first decade of reforms (1991-1998), dramatic changes occurred in the field of housing finance. The state has ceased to be the main investor in housing construction. Mass free privatization of housing was carried out with the transfer of housing maintenance costs to the population. And the share of state and municipal organizations in the total volume of commissioned housing decreased from more than 80 to 20%.

As a result of the massive withdrawal of the state from housing financing and a precipitous decline in household incomes, housing commissioning in the 1990s decreased by 2.5-3 times, as evidenced by the data in Table No. 1.

Table No. 1

The volume of housing construction in the Russian Federation in 1987-2011.

State housing policy is one of the main directions of activity of government bodies in the center and locally. Reform in the housing sector is among the most important government tasks that require priority solutions.

The right of citizens to housing can be reduced to three legal postulates (Article 40 of the Russian Constitution):

• stable, sustainable, permanent use of residential premises in all types of housing stock;
• improving living conditions in houses of all types of housing stock;
• ensuring a healthy living environment, creating a living environment worthy of a civilized person.

In the new system of housing policy, neither the state nor local governments accumulate funds from the population for subsequent state and municipal housing construction and distribution of apartments to people in need of housing. Each citizen independently seeks funds, relying only to a certain extent on the system of compensation (subsidies) and loans, for the purchase or construction of housing, both in the city and in the countryside, without expecting to solve the housing problem at the expense of state, municipal and public housing funds.

Socially vulnerable citizens are provided with residential premises in accordance with the norms established by law from state, municipal and other housing funds. They will be able to use the provided space on the terms of renting a living space, either for an affordable rent or for free. The provision of residential premises under a rental agreement in houses of state or municipal housing funds, as before, is carried out without payment of their construction cost.

The housing problem, characterized by a chronic and absolute housing shortage, has always existed in the Russian Federation. Today, the housing problem not only persists in general, but is also getting worse. This is facilitated by many factors: a shortage of resources for the expanded reproduction of housing, a constant influx of refugees and internally displaced persons from neighboring countries into Russia, ongoing urbanization and urban growth, etc.

According to the indicator “living space on average per resident” in our country, a value is established that serves as a hygienic standard. In 1919, the provisional rules of Norcomzdrav first established a norm of 8.25 square meters. m. In 1929, the norm was increased to 9 square meters. m. In accordance with the currently valid Housing Code of the Russian Federation, the living space standard is set at 12 sq.m per person.

At the same time, in cities the problem is communal and small-sized apartments, and in rural areas - the quality of housing, its dilapidation and poor communal services. The situation with the housing stock in rural areas is no better. State policy aimed at the development of large urbanized industrial centers completely ignored the creation of engineering infrastructure not only in rural areas, but also in medium and small towns. As a result, every fifth residential unit in medium-sized and small towns does not have running water, sewerage or central heating. Moreover, if the standard of living of Russians in comparison with the American or European is about six times lower, then in the field of housing, the lag among the components of the standard of living from other countries is 10-15 times, i.e. more than the average standard of living. In Russia,

Despite cramped material conditions, Russians are becoming increasingly interested in improving their housing situation. The main way is a mortgage. Given the existing shortage of funds, the current scheme is non-bank lending for the construction and purchase of housing (sale of apartments in installments with simultaneous registration of ownership and collateral) and the use of a savings system. The best option is to issue housing bonds, which will give citizens the opportunity to gradually accumulate funds for an apartment (from 1 to 10 years), and will attract funds for the construction of municipal housing real funds(not external borrowings or bank loans, but funds from citizens). Such a system will make it possible to sell housing built with these funds using the mechanism of non-bank mortgages, i.e. a citizen can save up half the cost of an apartment using bonds, register it as ownership, and receive installments for 5-10 years to pay the other half of the cost. Thus, the optimal option is combined financing for the construction of municipal housing from various sources, accumulated within a single target budget fund.