Silk rubles. Khorezm silk money Banknote as a means of propaganda
SURROGATE MONEY OF THE CITY OF BILEFELD FROM FABRICS
The city of Bielefeld is located in Germany, North Rhine-Westphalia. Bielefeld was founded in 1214 as the seat of the Count of Ravensberg. A city was created to protect roads in the Teutoburg Forest. During the Middle Ages, Bielefeld was a famous center for the production of sundials, which is why the city is called the “solar city”. In 1866, Friedrich von Bodelschwing founded a shelter for the disabled and those in need of assistance in Bielefeld. The name of the shelter - "Betel" - is borrowed from Hebrew and means "House of God." A settlement arose with more than 4,000 sick and healthy who lived and worked together.
Ill.1. Bielefeld. 25 marks 1921. Obverse. Material: silk. Size 115 x 85 mm.
The "City of Compassion" owned its own workshops, residential buildings, public institutions, own electricity and water supply, schools, churches. Essentially it was a city within a city. And currently in the city of Bielefeld there is a well-known medical center for the rehabilitation of patients with severe forms of mental disorders and patients with epilepsy.
According to historical data, in the 13th century, half of the city's inhabitants were engaged in flax production. And naturally, weaving factories were built in this city. In the 15th century, the city was part of the Hanseatic League, and became widely known primarily as a center for the production and sale of linen fabrics.
Ill.2. Bielefeld. 25 marks 1921. Reverse. Material: silk. Size 115 x 85 mm.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Germany fought with Napoleon Bonaparte and the city of Bielefeld was also affected. Napoleon was in Bielefeld in 1812. And a little more than 100 years later, after the First World War, a terrible economic crisis. A very interesting description of this crisis, or rather the life of specific people during this crisis, is described in the work of Erich Maria Remarque “The Black Obelisk”. During this crisis, many German cities began to issue their own surrogate money - notgeld. They were made from zinc, aluminum, aluminum foil, paper, flax, silk, leather, wood, porcelain, coal, cotton, cellulose, gelatin and other materials.
Linen and silk in the 20s of the twentieth century were quite accessible in Bielefeld, and therefore these materials began to be used for the manufacture of notgelds (ill. 1, 2, 3, 4). The burgomaster of the city at that time was Rudolf Stapenhorst.
In Russia, money on silk of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (KhNSR) is better known. By the way, they were produced in 1920 - 1921, during the same period as these notgelds from the city of Bielefeld. Khorezm money on silk is called “shelkovki” (silk money), “khivinki”.
Notgelds in Germany had various designs from biblical ones to images of soldiers and landscapes. Surprisingly, during this crisis, Arnold Keller began collecting these notgelds. Moreover, he wrote more than 70 books on Notgeld. And his books are currently being republished. Of course, the Notgelds of the city of Bielefeld had different designs. On the notgeld (ill. 3, 4) there is an image of the period of the Napoleonic wars. Napoleon's exodus from Germany Paris was in 1814. And having become acquainted with the history of the city, the plot of the miraculous healing of disabled people on a silk notgeld becomes clear and justified to us (ill. 1, 2).
Ill. 3. Bielefeld. 25 marks. Obverse. Linen material. Size 116 x 76 mm.
Ill. 4. Bielefeld. 25 marks. Reverse. Linen material. Size 116 x 76 mm.
These notgelds have imprecise sizes and shapes. The design was printed on one side of the fabric, then the two sides with different designs were sewn together. The illustrations clearly show seams along the edge of the boom.
Notgelds made of silk and linen are of interest to bon collectors. And also interesting ordinary people from a historical point of view.
Information sources:
1. Zhukov A. A. Malyshev V. P. Encyclopedia. Monetary issues of Central Asia. Turkestan region (1918 - 1923). St. Petersburg, 2005.
2. Ryabchenko P. F. Complete catalog of paper banknotes and bonds issued in Russia, the USSR, and CIS countries (1769 - 1994). Kyiv, 1995.
3. Sokolov V. M. Complete catalog of bonds issued on the territory of the USSR during the period from 1914 to 1925. VOK, Rostov-on-Don, 1938.
4. Arnold Keller Deutsches Notgeld, Bände 7 & 8 Das Notgeld der deutschen Inflation 1923. H.Gietl Verlag & Publikationsservice GmbH, Regenstauf, 2004.
5. World Paper Money, Krause Publication Inc., New York, 1994.
6. Encyclopedia Wikipedia -
How much does natural silk cost?
- Share cost data ▲ ▼
- 640 rub/m
- Composition: 100% silk
- Color: Natural white
- Width: 140 cm
- Density: 5.5m/m ≈24g/m2
- 550 rub/m
- Composition: 100% silk
- Color: Baked milk
- Width: 145 cm
- Density: 14 g/m2
- 1950 rub/m
- Composition: 100% silk
- Color: Natural white
- Width: 114 cm
- Density: 20m/m ≈86g/m2
- 1080 rub/m
- Composition: 100% silk
- Color: Natural white
- Width: 140 cm
- Density: 12m/m ≈52g/m2
- 760 rub/m
- Composition: 100% silk
- Color: Natural white
- Width: 140 cm
- Density: 8m/m ≈34g/m2
- 570 rub/m
- Composition: 100% silk
- Color: Natural white
- Width: 140 cm
- Density: 5.5m/m ≈24g/m2
- 1500 rub/m
- Composition: 95% silk / 5% elastane
- Color: Anthracite (Black)
- Width: 140 cm
- Density: 16 mm ≈69 g/m2
- 1500 rub/m
- Composition: 95% silk / 5% elastane
- Color: Red Wine
- Width: 140 cm
- Density: 16 mm ≈69 g/m2
- 1170 rub/m
- Composition: 100% silk
- Color: Natural white
- Width: 140 cm
- Density: 12m/m ≈52g/m2
- 320 rub/m
- Composition: 100% silk
- Color: Natural white
- Width: 90 cm
- Density: 7-8 g/m2
- 315 RUR/m
- Composition: 100% silk
- Color: Natural white
- Width: 91 cm
- Density: 3.4m/m ≈15g/m2
Natural silk is perhaps the most exquisite and noble fabric known to mankind. We owe its appearance to ancient China, where the secret of sericulture was carefully kept for a long time.
Until now, it is in China that silk of the highest quality is produced, which is in great demand all over the world.
Thanks to modern technologies consumers have the opportunity to choose from an unimaginable number of silk fabrics, differing in the quality of raw materials, the type of weave of threads in the fabric, the method of processing the finished material and the price. The latter can reach several tens of thousands of rubles.
The most famous types of natural silk
Chiffon
A very thin, delicate, flowing fabric made from crepe-twisted silk fiber yarn, with an uneven surface that feels like sand. Ideal for summer dresses, sundresses, tunics and light blouses.
Atlas
If this word is translated literally, it will be “smooth.” Silk fabric in satin weave with a glossy front surface. The satin type of weave was invented in China. Smooth and patterned, moire, heavy and other types of satins are known. Satin is used for making scarves, ties, curtains, furniture upholstery, and finishing on expensive church vestments. In addition, wedding dresses are made from satin silks.
Silk velvet
Velvet is a pile fabric with a soft fluffy outer surface. The basis for the pile, which determines the type of velvet, can be silk. In Russia, velvet was first produced at the silk manufactory, back in the 18th century.
Silk cambric
Thin translucent soft mercerized fabric, plain weave of tightly twisted threads. It has high strength combined with lightness and transparency. The name of the fabric comes from the name of its creator François Baptiste from Cambrai, a French weaver who lived in the 13th century. Silk cambric is an excellent alternative to 100% silk, as it is much cheaper and easier to work with.
Gas
Lightweight transparent silk fabric, distinguished by the peculiarity of its production. Gas comes in plain and diagonal weave.
Plain dyed silk
Fabric of the highest quality, from the best silkworm cocoons, producing a long, undamaged thread. The quality of the raw materials makes it possible to achieve very tight twisting of the yarn, but at the same time its weight is low.
Duchess
Very shiny high quality dense material woven from silk fibers.
Crepe
Translated from French, “crepe” means rough, wavy. Fabric made from silk threads with a very high (crepe) twist. The most common types: crepe de chine, crepe chiffon, crepe georgette, crepe satin. The crepe drapes well and boasts low creasing.
Muslin
Very thin, light silk fabric of plain weave, similar to cambric. The word “muslin” comes from the name of the city of Mosul in Iraq, where textile manufactories were located in ancient times.
Brocade
Complexly patterned artistic and decorative fabric with a silk base, containing metal threads with gold, silver or materials imitating them. Gold and silver threads in brocade were made from pure precious metal only in ancient times.
Taffeta
A glossy silk fabric made from very tightly twisted plain weave threads. Due to this, taffeta is a fairly rigid material, although thin, it holds its shape well.
Chesucha
A harsh yellow clothing fabric made from a special type of silk – tusor.
A lighter will dispel silk myths!
Myth No. 1 Natural silk is very difficult to distinguish from unnatural silk.
This is wrong. Having pulled out a few threads from the fabric you are interested in, you set them on fire (being careful not to burn the entire store) and immediately smell it - it should smell like burnt horn or wool. Polyester, unlike silk, melts, and viscose smolders and smells like burnt paper. A baked lump of silk can be rubbed between your fingers like an ordinary coal. That's all. Any self-respecting fabric store will allow you to conduct this simple examination.
Myth No. 2 Natural silk is expensive
This is also not entirely true. Silk from famous European designers can cost $100 per square meter, but in this case you are paying for a name and fashionable design. The material itself from silkworm cocoons (bombix mori) in Russia can cost from $10 to $50, depending on density and texture. Fabrics such as toile, excelsior, gauze chiffon, thin satins and crepe de chine for hand painting cannot be expensive, because most artists need cheap material (150-350 rubles/meter). Such fabrics are also used to make inexpensive bed linen, accessories, etc. So we can safely say that silk and silk clothes have become an affordable luxury in Russia.
Myth No. 3 Silk is always smooth, shiny and slippery.
My neighbor bought silk bed linen and tells me - “... money down the drain! I rolled out of bed all night!” Silk satin really has a smooth surface, which, however, after washing in the drum of a washing machine becomes more like a delicate husky. And, by the way, this trick does not work with either polyester or viscose. And then, among silk fabrics there are completely non-slip and much more suitable for bed linen. For example, crepe de chine (you can make sheets with elastic; silk crepe gives a little elasticity both along and diagonally), wet silk (or silk with a peach skin effect) is perfect for those who toss and turn a lot in their sleep - this delicate matte fabric not so easy to pull off the mattress!
Organza
Organza Uzbek
Crepe satin
Crepe de Chine
Georgette
Crinkled chiffon
Stretch satin “Anthracite”
Stretch satin “Red Wine”
Satin 12 mm
Margilan gas
The mood now is Sad
About my blog.
- I'm a collector and I know for sure that many people
- for most collectors and not necessarily collectors,
- there are probably some original or unique ones
- or cool things that you look at and are surprised:
- where does it come from? What is this? how did this happen? can't be!!!--
- -- Overall thought-provoking.
- items and types of collectibles, i.e. it could be
- a unique coin, and a badge, and an order, and some kind of banner,
- and a seal, and a stamp, and a stamp, and a book, and a button, etc. and so on.
- - after all, there is no number of objects and types of collecting and
- There are countless events happening around these objects!!!
- Everyone has SOMETHING to say ANYTHING about!
- And, in my deep conviction, we need to talk about it.
- After all, these objects are silent witnesses to the History of Humanity!
- I now noticed the line number on which I stopped.
- Line 17!! ! After all, I want to talk about the events taking place
But I could have deliberately brought it to this line - it’s so simple:
subtract or add a few words and everything will change!
Sometimes it turns out that you can add several points so that everything
has changed and most importantly, the whole meaning of what was written has changed!
This is exactly the case I want to talk about in the 1st part of my blog,
blog I want to start and call:"My rarities."
Let's talk about banners HSSR (Khorezm Soviet
Socialist Republic) - a republic that
existed for only less than 4 years from1920-1924
Let me just remind the future reader that there is a special
historical discipline called"vexillology"
and which studies flags and banners.
A distinctive feature of flags and banners is that
the fact that flags are mass-produced products,
and the banner is a single product! So:
1. Banners of the KhSSR (1920-1924)
I purchased this banner 40 years ago while on a business trip in Moscow.
my friend is an old Khorezm collectorRostislav Chernyavsky
(God bless him!) - and upon arrival back to Urgench
showed it to me to brag - well, as it usually happens
among collectors when something not quite comes into their hands
a common thing.
It turns out he exchanged this thing for 20 grandsilk money
HSSR(at that time they gave good money for them - and even now
They give quite good prices - $500 for each piece!)
I still remember this meeting of ours - it ended in a big
quarrel and altercation, and after that we didn’t
talked to each other. The fact is that 10 pieces of silk
out of 20 were mine and he could not dispose of them without me
consent - after all, I gave them so that he would sell and bring me money.
And secondly... Secondly, this was the rub and the reason
our soon-to-be-expanded quarrel. At first everything was fine -
he told me that he could not sell our
silk - time was running out, and then he was offered to exchange
rags for one large rag and he agreed, because he thought
that this big rag, that is, the banner, is original
and unique historical value, and instead of 10 pieces for me
will give 12 silks or any other exchange I wish
(and he had something to offer and what I had my eye on and he knew
about this - he was always lucky with unique things!). I agreed
and we began to wash his arrival and his new acquisition and
At the same time, we began to inspect this very acquisition. Right here
and it happened!!! At the first glance at the inscription I was struck
I saw the first letter and I understood the hidden meaning of the top line
inscriptions on the banner.After all, I am a Khorezmian!
What an interpretation of the famous slogan of communism! What a joke!
It was a real joke! All the jokes are funny!!!
And I said to Chernyavsky: “Rostik, my dear, what did you bring?
Do you know what the Muscovites slipped you?This is anti-Soviet!"
Chernyavsky jumped up: “Where do you see anti-Sovietism? Everywhere
you imagine anti-Sovietism and it’s because it’s deep inside you
Stalin's legacy sits and you sit and tremble all the time."
At this point I jumped up: “Yes, read what is written there
and read carefully, especially the upper arc-shaped line,
you know arabic graphics
- there is a dot, there is no dot, the letter changes, the meaning changes.
“Yes, everything is written fine there,” Chernyavsky replied, “I’ve already
I read it a long time ago the usual standard inscription: "Proletarians
All countries, unite!"This is how it is written on everyone now
flags and banners. What does anti-Soviet have to do with it?”
“Please read out loud what is written there,” I asked
persistently - and read letter by letter."
And Chernyavsky began muttering irritably:
"B-i-r-l-a-sh-n-g-i-z b-u-t-u-n d-u-n-y-a m-e-h-n-a-t- k-a-sh-l-a-r-i."
"Look carefully at the first letter, open your eyes wider,
- I’m already getting annoyed - there are three dots down there,
and this is no longer the letter “B”, as you just read, but the letter “P” And
together it worksnot "Birlashingiz", but "Pirlashingiz" And
here, a dog and a very large dog are buried, and then
Rostik, my dear, where do you see the word “proletarians”?
The word "mehnatkashlar" has only one meaning: "workers",
so if we translate the phrase together,
it will work, excuse me:Workers of the whole world, take your shit!!!
Chernyavsky rolled his eyes at me: That there can’t be a mistake?
“Rostik, you know, under the letter “B” there should be only one
period, and here they even put not one, not two, but three - and with this
they really want to emphasize that this is the letter “p”,
and not some other, and this is a conscious action, you know???
/In Arabic graphics you can under-delivery dots, this happens
Quite often on old coins, on old documents,
Manuscripts, etc. Because of this, academicians-orientalists constantly
They argue with each other, one says it should be read this way, the other
This is how the letter is concretized, i.e. read like this
No other way./
Chernyavsky sat and looked gloomily at the empty bottles:
"Please bring a couple more pieces, otherwise I'm getting a headache.
It doesn’t cook, but before that I’ll look at the dictionaries and think about it.”
“Okay,” I said, “but please don’t do anything stupid, otherwise
I know you, a Bolshevik, and your Bolshevik habits, don’t tear
the banner, the banner is not to blame, God saved it for some reason
so much time, and then you know, the east is a delicate matter,
maybe there really is another meaning; Look
the word "pirlashingiz" in the dictionary, with the word "proletarians" -
everything is clear - there was no such concept in the Uzbek language at that time
existed. So I ask you not to tear the banner,
Now I’ll quickly go to the store watchman.”
"Stop croaking, I haven't gotten to that point yet
condition, everything will be fine, go,” said Chernyavsky and
started rummaging through the bookcase. I quickly went to the store and
came back. I see Chernyavsky looking so happy,
his eyes are shining, and in front of him is an open book...
"Come on, pour it, it's worth a drink, I found two more here
The meaning of the word "pirlashingiz" is the first, it is
"become rich" and the second is "become holy". Second,
Of course, we discard in the light of the first the inscription on the banner
means: "Workers of the whole world, get rich!" - and, victoriously
looks at me. What to do? East is a delicate matter. All in all
They sat down and drank - they poured it and drank again. Then I say:
“Rostik, please don’t be offended and now look at the bottom
part of the inscription." Chernyavsky, sensing a trick on my part,
irritably glanced at the banner and said: “What else are you doing there?
found? Read and speak for yourself."
“It is written here - yashasun danglik wa adolat - that is -
long live equality and justice. You see,
the word "danglik" (equality) is purely Khorezmian
dialect of the Uzbek language - in literary it is transmitted
in the form of "tenglik", so we must consider the entire text
precisely in the Khorezmian vein, and since the unifying
literary Uzbek language appeared after 1924 then
is after the emergence of the newly formed UzSSR, then again everything
what is written on this banner we must consider precisely
through the prism of the Khorezmian language, and in the Khorezmian language
the word "pirlashingiz" was never used to mean
“get rich”, and it’s ridiculous and naive to wish all the poor
enrich yourself, unless, of course, this is done with great irony
and sarcasm, but I repeat again, excuse me,
"Pirlash" in Khorezmian means only one thing, sorry,
“to crap”, there is another meaning - “feast-feast” - this is to proceed
a baby's stomach (diarrhea), but it's the same thing;
maybe this is exactly what was meant, because communism at that time
time was really in infancy. So
in any case, Rostik, you can’t sell this thing,
neither exchange nor brag to anyone - otherwise
You will follow your father’s path to Mother Siberia to cut down the forest.”
It was in vain, of course, to say about his father’s path, since after mine
tirade Chernyavsky jumped up, took the banner, threw it on the floor
and let's trample him and the whole crimson one began to shout:
“You white bone! What does my father have to do with it?
Khrushchev rehabilitated him! I'll fucking tear this banner down - that's the deal
the hands of the Young Khivans - your relatives. Stalin did the right thing
that he shot them, he should have shot them even more!
And now there are only counters and the same crooks everywhere! And you need to be against the wall
put! You walk around here and you find extra dots!”
Chernyavsky shouted something else and tried to tear the banner, but I
stopped him, appealing to his collector's
feelings and that he is not a fascist after all, so that
destroy cultural heritage and immediately added that I bought
not 2 pieces, but just in case 4 pieces and put more on the table
2 bottles of port wine no. 24 - it was the best wine of that time!
Then Chernyavsky threw the banner
at my feet and said that he was giving it to me and that I
I wouldn’t have demanded my fucking silks from him either, so what?
he is even with me and so that I go somewhere far away and to
His eyes couldn't have been bigger or better. So we are with him
They quarreled and didn’t see each other for a whole year after that.
But then, thinking what the hell is not joking, maybe really
there was a mistake, I already purposefully became
look for the same inscription on coins, on paper money,
on stamps, in general, on everything where it can be.
And finally, after 7 years I found it! And again on the banner!
Only another nazorat (ministry) - nazorat
Supreme Court of the Republic! And the first was a banner
Nazarat of Justice! What a mockery!
After some time, Chernyavsky died - heart
the honest communist could not withstand the perestroika changes.
Before that, he called me to his place and we, as usual, drank, and
They also drank to glasnost, and then he said in a sad voice,
that the proletariat really crap, and that I am now
I can easily sell my banners, nothing and no one
afraid. Chernyavsky was an honest communist, but with the "right
deviation", and therefore he was not in the official ranks of the party
and there were no big nomenklatura communists at his grave
those. those whom he called THIEVES IN LAW because they
being in power and hiding behind immunity
millions of deputies were stolen, not those who were caught
and sat in prisons and due to their character traits
and mental acuity were nicknamed THIEVES IN LAW in contrast to
official THIEVES, whom the Law PROTECTED!!!
There were only three drunks at his grave - one of them was called
"Mayakovsky", because when he drank, he always read Mayakovsky;
the other was called "Yesenin", because when he drinks, he always
I only read Yesenin, and the third was called “Dollar”
- We won’t go into detail about the third one.
The first one read about the “sickle-faced and hammer-handed one,” as if
I felt that this one was the most “sickle-faced and hammer-handed”
soon it will also disappear forever;
the second one read about some lonely birch tree, or silver
covered, perhaps, with gold, although he had never seen
this very birch tree, but I saw only the Karakum sands, saxaul
and lizards around; and the third drunk is also something
I think I read a khutbah about the dollar and global capitalism...
P.S. I insert:
Box 1-
photos of both banners and separate fragments with three dots.
Box 2-
Silk money of Khorezm
Box 3-
Paper money of Khorezm
Box 4-
Khorezmian "proletarian"!!!----
video clip with my grandson, which clearly explains
What does it mean to do “pr-pr” in Khorezmian!
Box 5-
Yu. Aleshkovsky's song "Comrade Stalin" performed by
V. Vysotsky - since Chernyavsky also loved to listen to this song
and the “drunks” I mentioned - “Mayakovsky” and “Yesenin” - since
they, too, soon departed to another world -God bless them all!
Today, in many countries, scientists are working to improve durability paper money, as a result of which plastic money appears. As history shows, a similar problem was solved in the twenties of the last century. As a result, silk money appeared. However, the reason for using silk as a banknote base was not so much the durability of this material as the shortage of paper in a particular territory.
In April 1920, the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (KhNSR) was proclaimed in the Khiva Khanate. In the same year, the government of the republic was forced to issue local banknotes, which began to be issued on silk and only partially on paper.
The decision to issue money on silk material, the so-called “silk”, was made for several reasons. Firstly, the handicraft silk industry was well developed on the territory of the republic. Secondly, for the mass issue of money there were no necessary supplies of paper, even of poor quality. Thirdly, the prospect of increasing the service life of money was taken into account - due to the greater durability of silk material compared to paper.
The issue of the republic's money, according to catalog data, consisted of banknotes in denominations of 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000 and 5000 rubles, issued in two series in 1338 and 1339 AH. From a comparison of Hijri dates with the corresponding intervals of the Gregorian calendar (thus, 1338 corresponds to the interval from September 26, 1919 to September 14, 1920), it can be established that banknotes of the first series were put into circulation in 1920 in the period between April (when the republic was proclaimed ) and mid-September. The signs of the second series (the year 1339 corresponds to the interval from September 15, 1920 to September 3, 1921) were put into circulation from mid-September 1920 to March 1921.
The technology for making money on silk was surprisingly primitive. On a ribbon 11 centimeters wide, specially woven from natural silk by handicraftsmen, unique designs were applied manually using a stamp, or rather, colored artistic ornaments on the front and back sides of banknotes. The stamps were made from the wood of a tree of the elm (elm) genus growing in Central Asia, which was used in the manufacture of carved artistic products. After applying the ornament on both sides, the strip of silk was cut into equal parts corresponding to the width of the bills being created.
It was one of the most elegant and original money ever issued in the world. Bonist historians note that “silks” worth 1,000 rubles were particularly elegant. It’s hard to disagree with this when considering this banknote. The text part of the thousand-ruble note was printed on silk in purple, blue and cyan shades. This is a real artistic miniature, surprisingly reminiscent of an oriental carpet.
By using researchers Faculty of Oriental Studies of St. Petersburg state university It was possible to decipher with high reliability the contents of all the inscriptions on the front and back sides of the 1000 ruble banknote, written in Turkic.
The denomination of the banknote is written in Arabic numerals.
On the front side of the bill, to the right and left of the vignette with the inscription “One thousand rubles”, oriental ornamented denomination numbers are affixed.
Above the vignette is the inscription: “Paper money of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic.” On the frame there is the year of issue in Hijri - 1338. Overprints are made above the vignette:
- Chairman of the Council of People's Nazirs Haji Palvan Niyaz Yusupov
- Nazir of Finance Mohammed Penah Muhammed Rakhimov
- Cashier
- Muhammad Amin Ishjanov
At the bottom of the frame is the year of manufacture - 1920.
On the reverse side of the note, at the top of the frame, is printed: “This paper money is backed by all the property of the government.”
At the bottom of the frame is the inscription: “The person who counterfeits this paper money is brought before the revolutionary criminal court.” Here the year of manufacture is 1920.
In the center of the reverse side is the coat of arms of the republic. To the left of it is printed: “One thousand rubles”, to the right is the digital denomination.
Silk bonds of Khiva are a great collector's rarity. In Russia, there are only a few hundred Khiva bonds in private and public collections.
Rostislav Nikolaev
Natural silk is one of the most expensive materials. Noble fabrics, despite the high price, are becoming the choice of many fashionistas. Silk items are not like their “brothers”; they look expensive, elegant and chic. It is not easy to purchase a high-quality finished product that would suit your body shape and personal taste preferences.
If lady luck is on the buyer’s side, then the cost makes the heart beat faster. Not everyone is ready to pay tens of thousands of rubles, so silk connoisseurs often use the services of atelier specialists.
By turning to a seamstress, you can kill four birds with one stone:
- Become the owner of your dream item.
- Get an exclusive product that hides imperfections and emphasizes the beauty of your figure.
- Be confident in the naturalness of the fabric.
- Save a decent amount.
Types of silk and signs of naturalness
This noble and exquisite material, originally from China, is light and weightless, slightly dense and incredibly shiny, rough and wavy. Silk production technologies are advancing.Progress is impossible not to notice. There are many varieties of silk on the fabric market, including:
- chiffon;
- velvet;
- batiste;
- Duchess;
- crepe;
- veil;
- matlasse;
- muslin;
- brocade;
- taffeta;
- chesucha etc.
Can synthetic analogues resemble silk? Of course, but a connoisseur of natural linen will immediately spot a fake. To avoid getting into an unpleasant situation, you need to buy only from trusted sellers who value their reputation.
So, when analyzing the material, consider the following factors:
- Price. Silk will never cost a penny. The cost of exquisite paintings, as a rule, starts from 3 thousand rubles.
- Tactile sensations. Natural fabrics are incredibly pleasant to the touch, flowing, delicate and light. The fabric seems to flow from your hands. Artificial analogues, in turn, are hard and cold.
- Thermal properties. Silk is unique! Yes, yes, it is not like other natural fabrics, as it instantly adapts to the temperature of the human body.
- Hygroscopicity. Silk is breathable, but synthetics are not.
- Shine. How does the noble canvas shine? Naturally, lightly and subdued. The fake, in turn, shimmers so much that it’s enough to go blind.
- Appearance of sections. What happens to the fake after the cut? The edges of the fabric will begin to fray a lot. Silk fibers adhere perfectly to each other thanks to the technology of dense weaving.
Trust but check!
Do you doubt that you can verify the naturalness of silk by appearance and palpation? Try a little experiment. A conscientious seller will not object, because he is interested in selling the goods. Ask him to separate a thin thread from the material for the experiment.You will also need a lighter. Light the thread and evaluate the look and smell. Natural fibers will burn, while artificial fibers will melt. The former smell like burnt human hair or wool, the latter smell like plastic. A silk thread will burn to ashes, leaving behind ash, and a synthetic thread will curl into a ball.
As you can see, it's simple! Now you can buy 100% silk and have no doubt about its naturalness.
