Old Mende maps. Mende cards. Map of European Russia I.A. Strelbitsky
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Why did we create this project... Strange as it may seem, all “sites” “projects” are created for practically one purpose - “traffic”. There are many areas of Internet projects: “contextual” sites, “video-photo” hosting, “galleries”, “catalogues”, “file” services, “clouds” of files, “forum” projects, etc. We haven't been spared either - this has happened. The same interest is in traffic, that is, in “visitors”. After all, all Internet “traffic” is “me, you, and you and me”, these are “people”, the people of the planet (who have access to the Internet), speaking in our language. We have the "create" interest, you have the "search" interest. This is what the Internet is based on, some create “sites-projects”, others look for “information useful to themselves”. This topic is not new for a long time, but it is our “hobby”. And that’s why we decided to open “such and such” a project for ourselves, it has already become dear to us. After all, “treasure hunting” is like a “drug”; it’s addictive and it’s hard to break out. Interest is constantly growing, and with every discovery you give an answer to your questions: “Yes, not in vain, not in vain.” And you rejoice like a child, even if you just found a “farm heel.” And the most important thing is that any “digger” has at least a “small” hope, but there is “that one and only hope”. For us, this is not a job, it’s really a “hobby”; we go out searching in our free time from work and family. Although, if you look at it, there is no “free” time? We simply run away from home under any pretext, just like children, sometimes we are ashamed in front of our beloved. Nothing can stop us, we just say that we are on vacation... :) Sometimes you spend the whole day walking through fields, abandoned farms, without “eating” anything, the water has run out, and all you have on your mind is “well, one more coin and All". And after this “one” there is another one, etc. You arrive in the evening, tired but happy, you show your loot (a bunch of coins and various junk) and she answers you, “Are you sick, how old are you?” Well, like in the joke “a husband returns from fishing with a crucian carp in his hand, and his wife hits him in the head with a frying pan.” But not everything is so bad, because now we have a “bunch” of interesting and beautiful coins that will remain for our descendants... We We decided to divide our “treasure hunter” project into different categories. The first category is the “contextual-file” part, where you can read or download text information about “treasure hunting” and download the map of “Tsarist Russia” you need from a “file hosting” or from the “cloud”. The second category is the “video catalog”, we have linked it to the YouTube hosting, where we post our video reviews of finds. The third category is the “forum part”, its idea is communication between “numismatists”, “diggers”, “collectors” and simply interested people, where you can find out more “broad” information about your find, as well as sell or buy interesting "coin". The fourth category is a “photo catalog” of our finds, where you can view and copy a “high-quality” photo of our cops, plus photos of rare coins on the planet with a description of each coin, including our finds. The fifth category is a “price catalogue” in which it will be possible to at least approximately know the “price of a coin”, although the true price is when there is a buyer for it. This is how we will share our “hobby” and give information to others who want to do it - this is not an easy, but quite enjoyable task. Good luck to everyone, find the one...Gambling hobby is contagious
we are in search of our dreams, in the hope of unearthing oblivion...
Have a nice stroll through our site!!!
Treasure is money or valuable objects buried in the ground or otherwise hidden, the owner of which is unknown and cannot be found, or has lost the right to them. According to Article 233 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the discovered treasure is divided equally between the finder and the owner of the land (building, structure) where it was found. However, the treasure hunter and the owner of the land can agree in advance on other proportions for the division of the treasure. If the treasure hunter has not received the consent of the owner of the land (building) where the treasure was subsequently discovered, then the treasure is completely transferred to the owner of the land (building). If the items contained in the treasure are of cultural value, they are transferred to the state. The state pays a reward for them in the amount of half the value of the found treasure. This amount is divided between the treasure hunter and the owner of the land (building) as described above. People hired to search for treasure, as well as those for whom searching for treasure is part of their professional duties (for example, archaeologists), are not treasure hunters and cannot lay claim to the treasure. In ancient times, a person who found a treasure buried in the ground became its owner if the treasure was not located on someone else's land. Some Roman emperors demanded that the found treasure be transferred to the treasury in whole or in part. After Nero’s expeditions for treasures, Adrian restored the ancient custom according to which a treasure found in one’s own land could not be taken away by anyone, but one found on someone else’s land should be divided between its owner and the finder of the treasure. According to British law, the discovered treasure belongs to the state; the finder is obliged to report the treasure to government authorities within 14 days, and failure to report entails criminal liability. The state may pay monetary compensation determined by independent experts (usually equally to the treasure hunter and the land owner), or return the treasure to the treasure hunter. In the United States, treasure laws vary greatly between states. In most states, treasure found on private land usually belongs to the finder; in other states (such as Idaho and Tennessee), the treasure always belongs to the owner of the land; and in Louisiana the treasure is divided equally between the treasure hunter and the landowner. The treasure, more than a century old, found on federal land, is considered archaeological value and belongs to the federal authorities. A treasure hunter is a person who is looking for treasures (not only buried, but also simply hidden in some way, or rather hidden). Treasure hunters are people who engage in this craft, both professionally and as a hobby. Archaeologists are not treasure hunters, since the search for treasures and treasures is not their direct responsibility, but rather it is a by-product of their activities. Treasure hunting is the purposeful actions of a person, as a result of which he finds a treasure (if this goal is achieved). In this case, a person must set in advance his immediate goal of finding the treasure. For this reason, archaeologists are not treasure hunters. Another type of treasure is considered to be gold mines, information about the location of which was lost for various reasons. Among the most famous and legendary gold mines are: King Solomon's Gold Mines.
Yaroslavl province was established under Paul the First in 1796 from the lands that were part of the governorship of the same name, established in turn during the administrative reform under Catherine the Second in 1777. Previously (since 1719) these territories were part of the Yaroslavl province, which was alternately as part of the St. Petersburg and Moscow provinces (until the abolition of the division of Russian provinces into provinces in 1775). During its existence throughout the subsequent pre-revolutionary period, the composition and boundaries of the districts of the Yaroslavl province changed several times. So, in 1796, during the reorganization of the governorship into a province, Petrovsky district was abolished, in 1822 the cities of Romanov and Borisoglebsk were merged, and Romanovsky district was renamed Romanov-Borisoglebsky, etc.
In Yaroslavl province in whole or in part
There are the following maps and sources:
(except for those indicated on the main page of the general
all-Russian atlases, where this province may also be)
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Survey map of Yaroslavl province(1778-1797) Survey map - non-topographic, hand-drawn map of the late 18th century on a scale of 1 inch = 2 versts 1cm=840m or 1 inch = 1 verst 1 cm = 420 m. As a rule, the county was drawn on the parts that are shown on the assembly sheet. Some of the maps date back to the period of Catherine II 1775-96, Paul I, having come to power, changed the boundaries of counties within the provinces (which, in turn, Alexander I returned with some changes to its original place), while some of the maps from the General Survey fund have only survived for this period. The maps are color, detailed, and divided by county. The purpose of the map is to show boundaries land plots. More details |
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Map of Mende Yaroslavl province(1850s) 
Modern borders of the Yaroslavl region differ from pre-revolutionary ones, which is very schematically shown in the figure with a fragment of the Yaroslavl region. 
, Russian empire
Alexander Ivanovich Mende (Mendt, 1798 or 1800 - ) - Russian lieutenant general, cartographer. He served in the Caucasus, then in the cartographic department, and later managed a widow's house and the educational part of Moscow institutes. Under the supervision of Mende (based on the encyclopedia), topographical boundary atlases of the Tver, Ryazan and Tambov provinces were compiled.
He was educated at the St. Petersburg Gymnasium. In 1813 he was enlisted as a column leader in the Retinue of His Imperial Majesty. In 1813-1821 was engaged in topographic survey of the territory of Finland.
In 1824 he was sent to the headquarters of the 2nd Army. In 1825 he was promoted to staff captain.
Since 1845 - head of military survey of the Vitebsk province.
In 1847, he was appointed to assist the boundary department to supervise cartographic work during the delimitation of provinces.
In 1847-1866. headed large-scale topographic and cartographic work in the central provinces of Russia, organized by the Military Topographic Depot of the General Staff, the Land Survey Department and the Russian Geographical Society to correct land survey atlases. In 1856, for distinguished service, he was promoted to lieutenant general.
He was married to Elizaveta Antonovna Hoffman" (11/14/1818 - 05/18/1870). Their children: Nikolai (1844), Vladimir (1849), Natalya (1849), Lydia (1852).
The Mende couple are buried in Moscow at the German Cemetery.
Some evidence
Recognition of the merits of Mende A.I. is the anniversary medal “In memory of the fiftieth anniversary of the Corps of Military Topographers. 1872". This medal bears the names of 81 people who headed the Russian military topographic service until 1872 or who glorified it with their creative achievements. The sequence of surnames is not alphabetical, but by merit.
Correction of provincial atlases
Under his leadership, the “Topographic boundary atlas of the Tver province” (v. 1-12, 1853-57; scale 1:84,000), the “Topographic boundary atlas of the Ryazan province” (1860), as well as maps of the Ryazan and Tambov provinces (over 1 thousand sheets in total).
For his “zeal and labor” in compiling maps of the Tver province, M. was awarded the highest favor in 1850.
His name is associated with extensive work, called “Mende surveys,” organized by the Russian Geographical Society, the Military Topographic Depot of the General Staff and the Land Survey Department to correct land survey atlases.
A. I. Mende from 1847 to 1866 supervised topographical and cartographic work in the central provinces of Russia.
Until the stage of publication of the atlas of the Tver province in 1853, the head of the work was referred to as A. I. Mendt. A similar spelling is present in the materials of the “A. I. Mende Foundation” Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA), as well as in other sources.
The report for 1849, which was published in the Notes of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (IRGS), analyzes the progress of work to correct provincial boundary atlases. The information of the IRGO by the Minister of Justice in March 1848 is noted.
« that the Minister of War, having ascertained the success of the work carried out by Major General Mendt, ... presented to the Sovereign Emperor a most humble report on the continuation of this state work by the combined forces of the General Staff and the Boundary Department.”
Based on the results of the report, the Emperor allowed the work to continue
| “...and in other demarcated provinces lying east of the Moscow Meridian, starting in 1849, with the Ryazan Province, and being guided by the method and order adopted for this in the Tver Province; upon completion of work in the Ryazan Province, begin filming the Vladimir, then Yaroslavl, Tambov, Voronezh, Penza, Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk, Saratov and Kazan provinces, so that in 1859, i.e. within 10 years, all these ten provinces were removed" |
To carry out the work, it was decided to increase the number of surveyors from 36 to 40, and the number of officers of the Topographer Corps from 4 to 8.
The corrected atlas of the Tver Province was published in 1853, its materials were discussed at the general meeting of the IRGO on 04/09/1853:
Alexander Ivanovich Mende (Mendt) was awarded the orders: St. Anne, 3rd class. (1823), St. Vladimir 4th Art. (1826), St. Anne 2nd Art. (May 1829), St. Anne 2nd Art. with crown (December 1829), St. Stanislaus 3rd Art. (1832), St. George 4th Art. (1841), St. Vladimir 3rd Art. (1849), St. Stanislaus 1st Art. (1852), St. Anne 1st Art. (1856).
In this article you will learn what abbreviations and symbols were used on old Mende maps.
Mende Alexander Ivanovich for 17 years he conducted surveys and created topographic maps of some Russian provinces on a scale of 1 inch = 1 verst or 1 cm = 420 m; 1 inch = 2 versts or 1 cm = 840 m
Abbreviations on the map
Buyan-field- Flat, elevated area, open on all sides
Outrageous- A small steep hill.
Veres- Juniper.
Volok (Volok)- Forest or forest clearing
Vspolye- Edge of the field, pasture.
Vyselok (Vys.)- A small village, predominantly owned, located near single-patrimonial villages.
Great- Largest, highest, highest.
City (G.)- A fortified or walled village. Management status assigned to a volost, district or provincial in relation to other settlements.
Mane- An oblong hill covered with forest.
Village- A village without a church, whose inhabitants are mainly peasants from various departments and live without a landowner.
Right hand- Right hand.
Dresva- Coarse sand.
Zapan- Backwater or river bay.
Zaseka (Zas.)- Defensive structure. It was a combination of dead wood apices, an earthen rampart and a ditch with forts and separate fortresses. The fortifications served as defensive lines that protected against raids by the Golden Horde, who systematically plundered and destroyed Russian cities and villages and took the population into captivity, as well as to protect roads.
Zybun (Zyb.)- A quagmire, an impassable (disastrous) place.
Koshevnik- Wood timber floated down the river.
Cumulus sands (Cumulus)- Accumulations of loose sand around bushes and shrubs... Height 30-50 cm, less often up to 1-2 m. In some places they consist of gravel. They usually form in areas with close groundwater - on salt marshes, the coasts of lakes, seas and rivers.
Lying Meadow- Worthless, bad meadow.
Monastery, monastery (Mon.)- There are various types of monastic hostels, of which the latter sometimes coincide in their meaning with graveyards or estates of the spiritual department.
Manor (m. or Manor)- If it is owned, then most of it is near single-patrimonial villages, or it has the meaning of an estate at a plant or factory, if it belongs to persons of the tax-paying classes.
Myanda- Pine.
Novina- Cleared but not plowed land in the forest.
Dump (Op.)- A mound of waste rock, slag, formed during mining.
Touchstone- Oselok Vlad. wasteland, a place abandoned by its inhabitants; fallow, lie low. Oselok, Oblesye, Oselok or obselye, psk. hard newly populated place, settlement, new settlements, settlement.
Oselye- Oselye is akin to an outskirts, the land around the village.
Perekop- Ditch.
Tares- Weed
Pogost (Pog. or Pogost)- Has a church and a population consisting of clergy and clergy. The word graveyard comes from the word guest. The place where merchants traded was called a graveyard. With the adoption of Christianity, churches began to be built near graveyards. In the 15-16th centuries. churchyards begin to die off, hence the word graveyard has a second meaning - a lonely church.
Undercut (Under.)- A cleared place in the forest.
Disgrace- Review, watch.
Midnight- North.
Posad (P. or Pos.)- An order of huts or a row of houses. A settled settlement located outside a city or fortress.
Pochinok, village and farm (Poch.)- Same as settlement. Farmsteads, however, often have the significance of estates due to their agricultural nature. New settlements arising on the first raised site were called repairs. When the original courtyard was replaced by one or two others, it became a village.
Wasteland (Desolate)- The village turned into a wasteland if there were no residential courtyards left in it and the arable land was abandoned.
Selishche- A large village or settlement where there is more than one church.
Village (S.)- A village with a church, whose inhabitants are mainly peasants from different departments.
Seltso (Village)- A village of an exclusively property-owning nature with a manor house and various owner-owned establishments, or a village in which a landowner lives with peasants or several landowners. A village that was previously a village may also have the name.
Sloboda, Forshtat (Slob.)- A settlement with more than one church, a settlement outside a city or fortress.
Thorn- Prickly bush
Manor (Ust.)- They are of two kinds. The estates of the ecclesiastical department are similar to graveyards in terms of the nature of the population. Owner's estates differ either in their agricultural nature or as the location of landowners at a factory or plant
Shuytsa- Left hand.
Church land (CZ)- Land plot belonging to a church parish or monastery
If you don't know what the abbreviation is on the map, read our dictionary
Buyan-field - Flat, elevated place, open on all sides
Vzlobok - A small steep hill.
Veres - Juniper.
Volok (Volok) - Forest or forest clearing
Vspolye - The edge of the field, pasture.
Vyselok (Vyselok) - A small village, predominantly owned, located near single-patrimonial villages.
Greatest - Greatest, highest, highest.
City (G.) - A fortified or walled village. Management status assigned to a volost, district or provincial in relation to other settlements.
Griva - An oblong hill covered with forest.
Village - A village without a church, whose inhabitants are mainly peasants from various departments and live without a landowner.
Right hand - Right hand.
Dresva - Coarse sand.
Zapan - Backwater or river bay.
Zaseka (Zas.) - Defensive structure. It was a combination of dead wood apices, an earthen rampart and a ditch with forts and separate fortresses. The fortifications served as defensive lines that protected against raids by the Golden Horde, who systematically plundered and destroyed Russian cities and villages and took the population into captivity, as well as to protect roads.
Zybun (Zyb.) - A quagmire, an impassable (disastrous) place.
Koshevnik - Wood timber floated down the river.
Cumulus sands (Cumulus) - Accumulations of loose sand around bushes and shrubs... Height 30-50 cm, less often up to 1-2 m. In places they consist of gravel. They usually form in areas with close groundwater - on salt marshes, the coasts of lakes, seas and rivers.
Lying meadow - Worthless, bad meadow.
Monastery, monastery (Mon.) - These consist of various types of monastic hostels, the latter of which sometimes coincide in their meaning with graveyards or estates of the spiritual department.
Grange (m. or Grange) - If it is owned, then most of it is near single-patrimonial villages, or it has the meaning of an estate at a plant and factory, if it belongs to persons of the tax-paying classes.
Myanda - Pine.
Novina - Cleared but not plowed land in the forest.
Dump (Opt.) - A mound of waste rock, slag, formed during the development of mineral resources.
Oselok - Oselok Vlad. wasteland, a place abandoned by its inhabitants; fallow, lie low. Oselok, Oblesye, Oselok or obselye, psk. hard newly populated place, settlement, new settlements, settlement.
Oselye - Oselye is akin to an outskirts, the land around the village.
Perekop - Ditch.
Tares - Weed
Pogost (Pog. or Pogost) - Has a church and a population consisting of clergy and clergy. The word graveyard comes from the word guest. The place where merchants traded was called a graveyard. With the adoption of Christianity, churches began to be built near graveyards. In the 15-16th centuries. churchyards begin to die off, hence the word graveyard has a second meaning - a lonely church.
Undercut (Under.) - A cleared place in the forest.
Disgrace - Review, watch.
Midnight - North.
Posad (P. or Pos.) - An order of huts or a row of houses. A settled settlement located outside a city or fortress.
Pochinok, village and farm (Poch.) - Same as settlement. Farmsteads, however, often have the significance of estates due to their agricultural nature. New settlements arising on the first raised site were called repairs. When the original courtyard was replaced by one or two others, it became a village.
Wasteland (Pust.) - A village turned into a wasteland if there were no residential courtyards left in it and the arable land was abandoned.
Selishche - A large village or settlement where there is more than one church.
Village (S.) - A village with a church, whose inhabitants are mainly peasants from different departments.
Seltso (Sel.) - A village of an exclusively proprietary nature with a manor house and various landlord establishments, or a village in which a landowner lives with peasants or several landowners. A village that was previously a village may also have the name.
Sloboda, Forshtat (Slob.) - A village with more than one church, a settlement outside a city or fortress.
Thorn - Prickly bush
Estate (Us.) - They are of two kinds. Estates of the ecclesiastical department are similar in character to graveyards by the nature of the population. Owner's estates differ either in their agricultural nature or as the location of landowners at a factory or plant
Shuitsa - Left hand.
Church land (CL) - A plot of land belonging to a church parish or monastery
