Describe one of the world's industries. The place and role of modern industry in the world economy. world: significance, composition, location features, environmental problems

Industrial geography is a branch of economic geography that studies the location of industrial production, its factors and patterns, conditions and features of the development and location of industry in various countries and regions.

For industrial geography, the following important features of industrial production are most significant:

• a clear and far-reaching division into industries, the number of which is constantly increasing, especially during the period of the modern scientific and technological revolution;
• the exceptional complexity of production, technological and economic relations, due to the versatility of types of industrial enterprises;
• variety of forms of social organization of production (combination, specialization, cooperation);
• the formation of local and regional production-territorial combinations (in socialist conditions, systematically, mainly in the form of complexes);
• high degree of production and territorial concentration (of all types of material production, industry is the least evenly distributed across the earth's territory), associated with the need for certain conditions for this type of production (availability of raw materials, energy, personnel, need for products, favorable economic and geographical location, provision of infrastructure etc.).

Industry (from Russian promyshlyat, trade) is a set of enterprises engaged in the production of tools, extraction of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy production and further processing of products. In geography it is considered as a branch of the economy.

Industry consists of two large groups of industries:

1. Mining.
2. Processing.

Since the 19th century, industry has been the basis for the development of society. And although today only about one in six workers works in industry, this is still a lot - approximately 17%. Industry is a vital part of the world economy, and at the national economic level it is an industry on which the achievements of the entire national economy of any state depend.

Depending on the time of their origin, all industries are usually divided into three groups: old, new and new industries.

Old industries: coal, iron ore, metallurgical, textile, shipbuilding.

New industries: automotive industry, aluminum industry, plastics production.

Latest industries(emerged in the era of scientific and technological revolution): microelectronics, nuclear and aerospace production, chemistry of organic synthesis, microbiological industry, robotics.

Currently, the role of new and innovative branches of industrial production is increasing. Leading countries in terms of total industrial production: USA, China, India, Germany, Brazil, Russia, Japan, France, Indonesia, Australia, Italy, etc.

Natural Gas Industry

By 1990, Eastern Europe became the leader in production, with the USSR playing a leading role. Significant gas production emerged in Western Europe and Asia. The result was a change in geography gas industry peace. The USA lost its monopoly position, and its share decreased to 1/4, and the USSR became the leader (now Russia has retained its leadership). Russia and the United States concentrate half of the world's natural gas. Russia remains stable and the world's most important gas exporter.

Coal industry

Coal is mined in more than 60 countries of the world, but over 10 million tons of them. 11 countries produce annually - China (Fu-Shun deposit), USA, Russia (Kuzbass), Germany (Ruhr), Poland, Ukraine, Kazakhstan (Karaganda).

Coal exporters are the USA, Australia, South Africa.

Importers - Japan, Western Europe.

Oil industry

Oil is produced in 75 countries of the world, leading Saudi Arabia, Russia, USA, Mexico, UAE, Iran, Iraq, China.

Electric power industry of the world

The role of the electric power industry is to provide electricity to other sectors of the economy. And its significance in the era of scientific and technological revolution, especially with the development of electronicization and complex automation, is especially great.

Over 100 billion kilowatts per hour are generated in 13 countries - the USA, Russia, Japan, Germany, Canada, Italy, Poland, Norway and India.

In terms of electricity generation per capita, the leaders are: Norway (29 thousand kWh), Canada (20), Sweden (17), USA (13), Finland (11 thousand kWh), with a world average of 2 thousand kW h.

Metallurgical industry of the world

Metallurgy is one of the main basic industries industry, providing other industries with structural materials (ferrous and non-ferrous metals).

For quite a long time, the size of metal smelting almost primarily determined the economic power of any country. And all over the world they were growing rapidly. But in the 70s of the 20th century, the growth rate of metallurgy slowed down. But steel remains the main structural material in the global economy.

Forestry and wood processing industry of the world

The timber and wood processing industry is one of the oldest industries. For a long time, it has provided other industries with construction materials and raw materials. The main importers of wood are Japan, countries Western Europe, partly USA.

Includes: logging, primary forest processing, pulp and paper industry and furniture manufacturing

Light industry of the world

Light industry meets the population's needs for fabrics, clothing, footwear, as well as other industries with specialized materials.

Light industry includes 30 large industries, which are combined into groups:

• primary processing of raw materials;
• textile industry;
• clothing industry;
• shoe industry.

The main exporters are Hong Kong, Pakistan, India, Egypt, Brazil.

Mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest industries. But in terms of the number of employees and the value of products, it still ranks first among all sectors of world industry. Mechanical engineering determines the sectoral and territorial structure of industry and provides machinery and equipment to all sectors of the economy.

North America. Produces about 30% of all engineering products. Almost all types of products are present, but especially worth mentioning is the production of rocket and space technology and computers.

Foreign Europe. The volume of production is approximately the same as in North America. Produces mass production, machine tool and automotive products.

East and Southeast Asia. It stands out for its precision engineering products and precision technology products.

CIS. 10% of the total volume is allocated to heavy engineering.

Chemical industry of the world

The chemical industry is one of the vanguard industries that ensures economic development in the era of scientific and technological revolution.

There are 4 large regions of the chemical industry:

1. Foreign Europe (Germany leads);
2. North America (USA);
3. East and Southeast Asia (Japan, China, Newly Industrialized Countries);
4. CIS (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus).

The chemical industry has a significant impact on nature. On the one hand, the chemical industry has a wide raw material base that allows it to recycle waste and actively use secondary raw materials, which contributes to a more economical use of natural resources. In addition, it creates substances that are used for chemical purification of water and air, plant protection, and soil restoration.

On the other hand, it itself is one of the most “dirty” industries that affects all components of the natural environment, which requires regular environmental protection measures.

>> general characteristics world industry

Chapter 5

Geography of world industry

§ 1. General characteristics of world industry

With the transition from the industrial to the post-industrial stage of development of the world economy, the growth rate of industrial production began to decline. As a result, its share in the structure of the high-volume MP decreased from 38% in 1980 to 32% in 2008. Nevertheless industry remains the leading branch of material production. It (including construction) employs 500 million people. Manufactured products account for 80-90% of all world trade in goods.

In the sectoral structure of the world industry, three groups of industries can be distinguished. Firstly, the old industries that arose in the 19th century - coal, iron ore, metallurgy, shipbuilding, textiles. Secondly, new industries that determined scientific and technological progress in the first half of the 20th century - automotive, aluminum, and some sub-sectors of the chemical industry. Thirdly, the newest industries that emerged already in the era of scientific and technological revolution and mostly related to knowledge-intensive industries or high technology industries are microelectronics, Computer Engineering, robotics, computer science industry, nuclear and aerospace production, chemistry of organic synthesis, microbiological industry - genuine “catalysts” of scientific and technological revolution. They are generally growing at the fastest and most consistent rates these days. Therefore, their share in world industrial production is increasing, while the share of new and especially old industries is decreasing.

Changes have also come in geography industry of the world. They are associated primarily with the changing relationship between the countries of the North and the South. Over the past two to three decades, industry in developing countries is growing at a much higher rate than in economically developed countries, especially those that have entered the post-industrial stage of development. Therefore, the share of developing countries in world industrial production increased from 15% in 1950 to 40% in 2005. Nevertheless, the leading positions remain economically developed countries(Table 26).

Table 26

Ten countries leading in global industrial production (2006)

From the table data it follows that the top ten countries in global industrial production account for 47% of all products. But so far it includes only two developing countries, which together account for about 11% of global industrial output.

It should also be borne in mind that the countries of the North occupy an uncompetitive first place in the output of knowledge-intensive industries, while in the countries of the South (with the exception of the newly industrialized and four key developing countries) the mining, oil refining, light and food industries predominate. The majority of the world's industrial regions, which determine the territorial structure, are located in the countries of the North. world economy. In the countries of the South there is a sharp predominance industrial areas with the leading role of mining industries.

Maksakovsky V.P., Petrova N.N., Physical and economical geography peace. - M.: Iris-press, 2010. - 368 pp.: ill.

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IN modern conditions It is difficult to overestimate the role of the chemical industry in life. Medicine and healthcare, heavy and light engineering, household chemicals, furniture production, the food industry and all the latest high-tech industries depend to one degree or another on the production of chemical products.

Physico-mechanical processes, pharmacy and the predecessor of chemistry - alchemy could not equally influence the economy and society as a whole, as it does chemical industry. Without studying the chemical composition and nature of things, complex multi-stage reactions were impossible. The same is true for the creation of synthetic and polymer materials, which are in demand today in a number of leading sectors of the global and domestic economy.

The main areas that the chemical industry includes:

• differentiation of chemical production sectors;
• extraction and production of raw materials for further industrial processing;
• creation and modernization of specific fixed assets for enterprises in this industry.

Modern diversity of chemistry branches

The chemical industry, along with microelectronics and nanotechnology, does not stand still and is constantly being improved. Today, more than 90 sub-sectors and areas of use of chemical products have been opened.

In world practice, it is customary to distinguish 3 main groups of chemical production:

• basic chemicals: production of various polymers, mineral fertilizers, rubber, resins and synthetic materials;
• processing chemistry: paints and varnishes, pharmaceuticals, photochemicals, rubber, various chemicals;
• intermediate products: a wide range of organic and inorganic chemical products.

Moreover, not every production, even including elements of chemistry, can be classified as chemical. Economic activity chemical plant, as a rule:

• cost-intensive and energy-intensive;
• capital and resource intensive;
• has a small staff of highly qualified employees;
• generates and actively implements R&D;
• has a sustainable strong impact on ecosystems and the biological environment as a whole;
• focused on mass production;
• has well-established and extensive logistics routes;
• interacts with almost all areas of industry and consumption.

The synthesis of hydrocarbons and the production of polymers account for a third of the world's production of chemicals. This also includes petrochemicals, which receives the bulk of its raw materials from related industries - oil and gas production. Consumption of basic raw materials does not exceed 4-6%.

The resulting plastics and synthetic resins are subsequently used for the production of chemical fiber, various parts and structures of the furniture industry, mechanical engineering, fine instrument making, equipment for construction needs, or are sent to the next technological stage of chemical production. All substances are conventionally divided into thermoplastic and thermosetting, and the former are actively conquering the market, while the latter have practically fallen out of use.

It's hard to overestimate role of the chemical industry in mechanical engineering, including transport. Every year, about a billion car tires and tires are produced worldwide.

Chemical rubbers have greater frost resistance, heat capacity, and low flammability compared to natural ones.

IN agriculture All over the world, phosphate, nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are actively used, increasing productivity and certain physicochemical and visual characteristics of products. Chemical fertilizers are still the subject of heated scientific debate, but it is obvious that it is impossible to completely do without them in the current climatic and prevailing demographic conditions.

The danger of new diseases has strengthened the role of the chemical industry in pharmaceuticals and medicine as such. Over many years of evolution, bacteria and viruses have learned to quickly adapt to an aggressive environment, not to mention congenital pathologies. The lives of millions of people in developed and especially developing countries depend on the success of the development of new chemicals and technologies.

The production of paints and varnishes is in demand in many industries, primarily construction and mechanical engineering. The latest developments in this direction are environmentally friendly paints that are safe during finishing and construction work and in the further operation of buildings and structures.

Fixed assets of chemical production

In addition to universal assets such as furniture, buildings, warehouses, long-term biological assets, the chemical industry, unlike other industries, cannot do without specific equipment.

Each stage has its own machines, units and installations - for extraction, primary and secondary processing, synthesis, conveyor production, packaging and transportation.

An enterprise can engage exclusively in the production of high-precision chemical equipment or design units exclusively for its own needs.

"Chemistry - 2016"

The CHEMISTRY exhibition, dedicated to the chemical industry and everything connected with it, will traditionally be held at the Expocenter. Participants and guests of the event will get acquainted with the chronicle of exhibitions starting in 1965, leaders of the chemical field, and will also be able to participate or be spectators of fascinating chemical experiments.

Industry, as already noted, remains the leading sector of material production, and its share in the total volume of production of material production sectors is even growing.

The following factors can be identified in increasing the role of industry in the world economy:

1. The level of mechanization (as an industrial product) is growing in all sectors of the economy: for example, agriculture, the construction industry, trade, banking, even households increasingly require means of mechanization.

2. Natural raw materials (agricultural products) are increasingly being replaced by synthetic raw materials, which changes the structure of MX in favor of industry. For example, the production of synthetic raw materials requires appropriate equipment, i.e., industrial products.

3. A number of industries and industries are moving into the industrial sphere from other sectors of the economy. So, in particular:

The production of feed for livestock was previously exclusively a function of agricultural production, but now a powerful feed industry has been created;

Construction is increasingly turning into industrial production for the assembly of finished structures;

In trade, activities such as packaging and packing moved into industry.

4. Food products (as traditional agricultural products) increasingly come into consumption after industrial processing. This fact also indicates an increase in industrial production.

Fuel and energy complex - tek

The structure of the fuel and energy complex in MX is determined by the types of used primary energy and balance between them. Let us visualize the sources of primary energy and the corresponding types of secondary energy resulting from the transformation (Table 1.4).

Table 1.4

Types of primary and secondary energy

Types of primary energy	Corresponding types of secondary (converted) energy
Hard and brown coal	Coke, agglomerates, electricity
	Gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil
Natural gas	Energy from thermal power plants
	Hydraulic energy
Uranium, etc. ore	Atomic Energy

The structure of consumption of primary energy resources in MX is as follows:

Oil - 41.2%;

Solid fuel - 28.3%;

Gas – 22.3%;

Nuclear energy - 9%;

Hydroelectric power stations and other non-traditional sources constitute the rest of consumption. Geography of energy consumption in MX:

Developed countries - 53%;

Developing - 29%;

CIS and Eastern European countries - 18%.

The world's largest sources of energy production:

Oil: Samotlor (Western Siberia, Russia); Saudi Arabia and Kuwait;

Gas: Komi Republic, Urengoy (Russia); Holland, USA.

Russia holds first place in the world in total oil and gas production.

Main trends in the development of the fuel and energy complex:

Significant growth in oil and gas production;

Coal, which was previously the main source of energy, is losing its former role;

The share of non-traditional energy sources (solar, for example) is increasing.

In general, the production and consumption of energy resources is growing. MX's annual energy demand is estimated at 11.7 billion tons of oil equivalent.

Thus, despite the use of progressive energy-saving technologies, energy consumption in the world is increasing: the expansion of global production and consumption also increases the need for energy (especially in developing countries).

However, in the 21st century. The overall demand for energy resources is expected to fall. Under the conditions of scientific and technical progress, the role of nuclear energy in the MX fuel and energy complex has increased (the development of this source is hampered by its unsafety for the environment).

The chemical industry is a type of industry in which the processing of raw materials by chemical methods is of key importance. The main materials used in this industry are various minerals and petroleum. The role of the chemical industry in modern world very big. Thanks to it, people can use various plastic and plastic products, as well as other petroleum products. In addition, the industry produces explosives, fertilizers for agricultural needs, medicines, and so on.

Development

The beginning of the history of this industry is considered to be the industrial revolution, which occurred at the beginning of the 17th century. Until the 16th century, the “science of substances” generally developed very slowly, but as soon as people learned to apply this knowledge in industry, much changed. The very first product of the chemical industry was sulfuric acid, which today remains an extremely important substance and is used in many areas of human activity. At that time, this compound was mainly used in the processing of metal ores needed for the industrial revolution in large quantities. The first enterprises for the production of sulfuric acid were created in England, France and Russia.

The second stage in the development of this area was the need for mass production of soda ash. This substance was necessary to ensure the production of glass and textiles.

At the first stage, England made the largest contribution to the development of the industry. With increasing interest in organic chemistry, Germany had an increasing influence on the development of this science, whose scientists are still considered one of the best specialists in this field. At the beginning of the 20th century, most of the chemical production was located in this country, which, according to some analysts, provided German leaders with confidence in victory in the First World War due to the high quality of explosives and promising research into chemical weapons. By the way, it was German troops who used chemical warfare gas for the first time.

Chemical industries

Nowadays, both inorganic and organic chemistry are relevant, and many discoveries are made in these areas every year. The most promising developments are:

• Oil refining.
• Creation of medicines.
• Creation of fertilizers.
• Creation of polymers and plastics.
• Study of the conductive properties of substances.

Scientists have been working on creating an ideal conductor for several decades. If successful, humanity will be able to use the planet's resources much more efficiently.

Chemical industry in Russia

Petrochemistry

Petrochemistry is a key branch of the chemical industry in Russia. This is largely due to the extremely important role of the oil refining industry in the country's economy. Educational institutions annually graduate tens of thousands of petrochemical specialists. The government also allocates a lot of money to sponsor research in this area.

The annual sales volume of all petrochemical production is more than 500 billion rubles.

Ammonia production

Togliattiazot is one of the leading ammonia producers in the world. Recently, the company has been producing more than 3 million tons of gas per year, this is an exceptionally high figure. According to experts, the share of this company in global ammonia production ranges from 8 to 10%; the company also produces mineral fertilizers and occupies about 20% of the Russian market in this sector.

Fertilizer production

An important part of the industry is the production of fertilizers. On the territory of Russia there are very large deposits of raw materials for this industry. The production of resources to create chemical fertilizers is also well developed. During the Soviet era, the best scientists worked on increasing the efficiency of fertilizers, making many fundamental discoveries in this area. Thanks to this, Russia is one of the most important exporters of fertilizers.

Pharmaceutical industry

The production of medicines and their components is a very promising area. Currently, this industry does not cover Russian needs, and the creation of many drugs has not even been established. Therefore, every year foreign investors, including large chemical concerns, invest in the development of this industry. Nevertheless, a significant increase in production volumes and product quality, according to analysts, will occur in ten years at best.

Chemical industry in the world

The chemical industry is most developed in Germany, Great Britain and the USA. That is, among European countries, the most advanced are usually states that have made a certain contribution to the development of chemistry as a science. In the case of the United States, this is due to favorable conditions for the development of chemistry and pharmacology: a good economic situation, the presence of large raw material resources and a developed transport system, and luring the best specialists from other countries.

In particular, the top five concerns with the highest profits include 2 companies from Germany, 2 from the UK and one from the USA.